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1、W E L C O M E,PowerPoint制作：杨希,版权所有,英语学习背景资料,美国,U.S.A.,PowerPoint制作：杨希,版权所有,版权所有,英语学习背景资料,美国,美国全景图 美国总统 美国国旗,美国城市 美国小知识 美国国徽,美国总统,1.George Washington 乔治华盛顿: 1789-1797 2.John Adams 约翰亚当斯: 1797-1801 3.Thomas Jefferson托马斯杰斐逊 : 1801-1809 4.James Madison 詹姆斯麦迪逊: 1809-1817 5.James Monroe 詹姆斯门罗: 1817-1825 6
2、.John Quincy Adams约翰昆西亚当斯 : 1825-1829 7.Andrew Jackson 安德鲁杰克逊: 1829-1837 8.Martin van Buren 马丁范布伦: 1837-1841 9.William Henry Harrison 威廉亨利哈里森: 1841-1841 10.John Tyler 约翰泰勒: 1841-1845,杨希制作,版权所有,11.James K. Polk 詹姆斯波尔克: 1845-1849 12.Zachary Taylor 扎卡里泰勒: 1849-1850 13.Millard Fillmore 米勒德菲尔莫尔: 1850-185
3、3 14.Franklin Pierce 富兰克林皮尔斯: 1853-1857 15.James Buchanan 詹姆斯布坎南: 1857-1861 16.Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕林肯: 1861-1865 17.Andrew Johnson 安德鲁约翰逊: 1865-1869 18.Ulysses S. Grant 尤利塞斯格兰特: 1869-1877 19.Rutherford B. Hayes 拉塞福德海斯: 1877-1881 20.James A. Garfield 詹姆斯加菲尔德: 1881-1881 21.Chester A. Arthur 切斯特阿瑟: 188
4、1-1885 22.Grover Cleveland 格罗弗克利夫兰: 1885-1889,23.Benjamin Harrison 本杰明哈里森: 1889-1893 24.Grover Cleveland 格罗弗克利夫兰: 1893-1897 25.William McKinley 威廉麦金利 : 1897-1901 26.Theodore Roosevelt 西奥多罗斯福: 1901-1909 27.William H. Taft 威廉塔夫脱: 1909-1913 28.Woodrow Wilson 伍德罗威尔逊: 1913-1921 29.Warren G. Harding 沃伦哈定:
5、 1921-1923 30.Calvin Coolidge 卡尔文柯立芝: 1923-1929 31.Herbert C. Hoover 赫泊特胡佛: 1929-1933 32.Franklin D. Roosevelt 富兰克林罗斯福: 1933-1945,33.Harry S. Truman 哈里杜鲁门: 1945-1953 34.Dwight D. Eisenhower德怀特艾森豪威尔: 1953-1961 35.John F. Kennedy 约翰肯尼迪: 1961-1963 36.Lyndon B. Johnson 林顿约翰逊: 1963-1969 37.Richard M. Nix
6、on 理查德尼克松: 1969-1974 38.Gerald Ford 杰拉尔德福特: 1974-1977 39.Jimmy Carter 小詹姆斯卡特: 1977-1981 40.Ronald Reagan 罗纳德里根 : 1981-1989 41.George Bush 乔治布什: 1989-1993 42.Bill Clinton 比尔克林顿 : 1993-2001 43.George W. Bush 乔治W布什: 2001-,George Washington,On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony o
7、f Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States. “As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,“ he wrote James Madison, “it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true p
8、rinciples.“ Born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family, he learned the morals, manners, and body of knowledge requisite for an 18th century Virginia gentleman.,版权所有,He pursued two intertwined interests: military arts and western expansion. At 16 he helped survey Shenandoah lands for Thomas, Lord Fa
9、irfax. Commissioned a lieutenant colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and Indian War. The next year, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, he escaped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses were shot from under him. From 1759 to the outbreak
10、of the American Revolution, Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, Martha Dandridge Custis, he devoted himself to a busy and happy life. But like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants a
11、nd hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resistance to the restrictions.,George Washington,When the Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775, Washington, one of the Virginia delegates, was elec
12、ted Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took command of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueling years. He realized early that the best strategy was to harass the British. He reported to Congress, “we should
13、 on all Occasions avoid a general Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelled by a necessity, into which we ought never to be drawn.“ Ensuing battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexpectedly. Finally in 1781 with the aid of French allies-he forced the surrender of Cornwallis at
14、 Yorktown.,George Washington,Washington longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he soon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederation was not functioning well, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. When th
15、e new Constitution was ratified, the Electoral College unanimously elected Washington President He did not infringe upon the policy making powers that he felt the Constitution gave Congress. But the determination of foreign policy became preponderantly a Presidential concern. When the French Revolut
16、ion led to a major war between France and England, Washington refused to accept entirely the recommendations of either his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British. Rather, he insisted upon a neutral course unti
17、l the United States could grow stronger.,George Washington,George Washington,To his disappointment, two parties were developing by the end of his first term. Wearied of politics, feeling old, he retired at the end of his second. In his Farewell Address, he urged his countrymen to forswear excessive
18、party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances. Washington enjoyed less than three years of retirement at Mount Vernon, for he died of a throat infection December 14, 1799. For months the Nation mourned him.,Thomas Jefferson,In the thick of part
19、y conflict in 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in a private letter, “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.“ This powerful advocate of liberty was born in 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia, inheriting from his father, a planter and surve
20、yor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, a Randolph, high social standing. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then read law. In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skeleton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home, Monticello.,Freckled and sandy-hair
21、ed, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent as a correspondent, but he was no public speaker. In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress, he contributed his pen rather than his voice to the patriot cause. As the “silent member“ of the Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted
22、the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Most notably, he wrote a bill establishing religious freedom, enacted in 1786. Jefferson succeeded Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785. His sympathy for the French Revolution led him i
23、nto conflict with Alexander Hamilton when Jefferson was Secretary of State in President Washingtons Cabinet. He resigned in 1793.,Thomas Jefferson,Sharp political conflict developed, and two separate parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, began to form. Jefferson gradually assumed
24、leadership of the Republicans, who sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France. Attacking Federalist policies, he opposed a strong centralized Government and championed the rights of states. As a reluctant candidate for President in 1796, Jefferson came within three votes of election. Through
25、 a flaw in the Constitution, he became Vice President, although an opponent of President Adams. In 1800 the defect caused a more serious problem. Republican electors, attempting to name both a President and a Vice President from their own party, cast a tie vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The
26、House of Representatives settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jeffersons election.,Thomas Jefferson,When Jefferson assumed the Presidency, the crisis in France had passed. He slashed Army and Navy expenditures, cut the budget, eliminated the tax on whiskey
27、 so unpopular in the West, yet reduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron to fight the Barbary pirates, who were harassing American commerce in the Mediterranean. Further, although the Constitution made no provision for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed his q
28、ualms over constitutionality when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803.,Thomas Jefferson,During Jeffersons second term, he was increasingly preoccupied with keeping the Nation from involvement in the Napoleonic wars, though both England and France interfere
29、d with the neutral rights of American merchantmen. Jeffersons attempted solution, an embargo upon American shipping, worked badly and was unpopular. Jefferson retired to Monticello to ponder such projects as his grand designs for the University of Virginia. A French nobleman observed that he had pla
30、ced his house and his mind “on an elevated situation, from which he might contemplate the universe.“ He died on July 4, 1826.,Thomas Jefferson,James Monroe,On New Years Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, President James Monroe made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady
31、 who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye . I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, Monroe was so honest that if you turned hi
32、s soul inside out there would not be a spot on it. “,Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental Army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalis
33、ts in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Loui
34、siana Purchase. His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820.,James Monroe,Monroe made unusually strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, Jo
35、hn C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clays refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner. Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Goo
36、d Feelings.“ Unfortunately these “good feelings“ did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies. Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri
37、 Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress.,James Monroe,The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slav
38、e state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin
39、 American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas, as
40、 was done in 1821. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that theUnited States join in proclaiming “hands off.“,James Monroe,Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be mor
41、e candid . to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.“ Monroe accepted Adamss advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “. . . the
42、American continents,“ he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.“ Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.,James Monro
43、e,Abraham Lincoln,Lincoln warned the South in his Inaugural Address: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the mos
44、t solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.“ Lincoln thought secession illegal, and was willing to use force to defend Federal law and the Union. When Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter and forced its surrender, he called on the states for 75,000 volunteers. Four more slave states joine
45、d the Confederacy but four remained within the Union. The Civil War had begun.,The son of a Kentucky frontiersman, Lincoln had to struggle for a living and for learning. Five months before receiving his partys nomination for President, he sketched his life: “I was born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin Count
46、y, Kentucky. My parents were both born in Virginia, of undistinguished families-second families, perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks My father . removed from Kentucky to . Indiana, in my eighth year It was a wild region, with many bears an
47、d other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up Of course when I came of age I did not know much. Still somehow, I could read, write, and cipher . but that was all.“,Abraham Lincoln,Lincoln made extraordinary efforts to attain knowledge while working on a farm, splitting rails for fences, a
48、nd keeping store at New Salem, Illinois. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois legislature, and rode the circuit of courts for many years. His law partner said of him, “His ambition was a little engine that knew no rest.“,Abraham Lincoln,He married Mary Todd, and
49、they had four boys, only one of whom lived to maturity. In 1858 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator. He lost the election, but in debating with Douglas he gained a national reputation that won him the Republican nomination for President in 1860. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Further, he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Conf