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1、系统解剖学Systematic anatomy （供七年制使用）,丁兆习 山东大学医学院人体解剖教研室 Office: 1205 ,Basic Concepts of Human Anatomy,Definition: the science dealing with the structures and functions of human body Organization Systematic anatomy 系统解剖学 Regional anatomy 局部解剖学 Sectional anatomy 断层解剖学 Functional anatomy 功能解剖学 Clinical ana
2、tomy 临床解剖学 。,解剖学教学方法,以教学大纲为指导，区分掌握内容和了解内容 课堂讲授重点和难点内容 配合观察模型、标本、活体、挂图和图谱自学 进化与发展、形态与功能相结合、局部与整体统一、理论与实际联系，增强对解剖学内容的理解。 养成课前预习、课堂记笔记、课后总结的习惯 尽快适应解剖学教学模式： 课本与实物相结合,*检测标准 准确指认-会认 熟练描述-会说 正确书写-会写,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,由于大部分人体解剖学英文名词来自希腊语和拉丁语，这些单词在中学阶段的英语课文中几乎没有涉及到，所以记忆起来比较困难。以下几点对掌握好解剖学英文名词会有所帮助。 1抓住重点：在学习人体解剖
3、学时，一名医学生短时间内不可能记忆那么多的解剖学英文名词，也没有必要背那么多。教学大纲中掌握内容的名词是最基本和最重要的，要重点记忆；了解内容的英文名词认识即可。由少到多，逐步增加。,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,2巧用图书：充分利用英汉人体解剖学与组织和胚胎学名词一书，将重点名词标出来，因为该书的英文名词是按其在教材中出现的顺序排列，所以在解剖学课堂上可按标出的重点名词看标本，加强形象记忆；课下根据此书标注的国际音标正确发音，反复大声朗读。 拥有一本图文并茂、英汉对照或纯英文注释的解剖学图谱对学习解剖学英文名词有很大的帮助。 自制一本解剖图谱。自己以简图的形式把重点的解剖内容画出来，把重要结
4、构标记上中、英文，记忆效果也非常好。,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,3牢记词干：有些解剖学名词特别长，例如sternocleidomastoid(胸锁乳突肌)虽然由19个字母组成，仔细分析该词由stern-(sternum胸骨) 、cleid- (clavicle/cleid锁骨) 、mastoid (mastoid process乳突)三个词干组成，词干与词干之间夹一元音字母o。 又如temporomandibular joint(颞下颌关节)、hepatopancreatic ampulla （肝胰壶腹）、iliohypogastric nerve（髂腹下神经）、pericardiacop
5、hranic artery（心包膈动脉）等名词都是由很多字母组成的，细分一下也是由23个词干组合而成。,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,另外，有很多解剖学名词是由前缀或后缀加词干构成的，例如para-(副)，paranasal sinus (副鼻窦)；pre-（前），preganglionic(节前的)；sub-（下），subclavian artery（锁骨下动脉）；supra-（上），supraorbital foramen （眶上孔）等。 故掌握了最重要的解剖名词词干，再学习其他名词就容易得多。,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,4大声朗读：大声、正确地朗读解剖学英文名词是记忆词汇的有效方法。
6、通过大声朗读，充分刺激大脑的记忆中枢，比只看不读或小声嘟囔记得快、记得牢。有些解剖学名词出现次数少，不好记忆，容易混淆，例如tropezium（大多角骨）和tropezoid（小多角骨），大声多念几遍，根据发音就会记住他们的区别。又如calcaneus（跟骨）、 claustrum（屏状核）、 amygdaloid body（杏仁体）等名词大声多念几遍后，再当你念出第12个音节时，后面的音节就会脱口而出，收到事半功倍的效果。,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,5注重重复：初学时，人们面对蜂拥而来的大量生僻、难记的解剖学中、英文名词会产生畏难情绪。如何记住这些名词呢？除了以上抓住重点、巧用图书、大声
7、朗读以外，还要注重重复。例如骨学名词在学习关节学和肌学时会重复出现，在学习关节的构成、关节囊和韧带的附着部位、肌肉的起止点等都涉及重要骨点，利用这个机会就可以加强骨学名词的记忆。内脏的名词也很多，尤其是消化系统的名词最多，学习脉管时有所重复；中枢神经系统名词也不少，通过学习神经传导通路和周围神经进行重复，加强记忆。,人体解剖学英文名词的学习方法,6打好基础：解剖学英文名词是医学名词的基础，在后续的医学基础课程中（如生理学、药理学、病理学等）和临床各科中也应用了大量的解剖学英文名词。并且，很多疾病的名称或手术等就是在解剖学英文名词词干加上后缀衍化而来的，例如appendicitis（阑尾炎），就
8、是append-（阑尾）加后缀-itis 组成。gastr-（胃的）加后缀-itis组成gastritis（胃炎）； tracheitis （气管炎）由trache-（气管）加后缀-itis 组成。append-（阑尾）加后缀-ectomy组成appendectomy（阑尾切除术）。gastr-（胃的）加后缀-ectomy组成gastrectomy（胃切除术）。trache- (气管) 加后缀-otomy组成tracheotomy （气管切开术）。学好解剖学英文名词就为这些后续的医学基础课程打下坚实的基础。,No work, no gain,Descriptive anatomical ter
9、ms 解剖术语,解剖学姿势 The anatomical position The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward with the thumbs laterally.,(立正姿势为主，掌心足尖向前),Terms to describe location方位术语,superior 上 (cranial 颅侧) inferior 下 (caudal 尾侧 ) Anterior 前 (ventral 腹侧 ) Posterior 后 (dorsal 背侧 ),Te
10、rms to describe location方位术语,medial 内侧 lateral 外侧 internal 内 external 外 superficial 浅 profound 深 proximal 近侧 distal 远侧,Terms to describe location方位术语,ulnar 尺侧 radial 桡侧 tibial 胫侧 fibular 腓侧,left 左 right 右 vertical 垂直 horizontal 水平 central 中央,forearm,leg,unilateral 一侧 bilateral 双侧 contralateral 对侧 ho
11、molateral 同侧,Anatomical axes and planes轴与面,Axis 轴： 垂直轴Vertical axis 矢状轴Sagittal axis 冠状轴Coronal axis Plane面: 矢状面Sagittal plane 冠状面Coronal plane 水平面Horizontal plane or 横切面transverse plane 正中矢状面median sagittal plane,Planes of the Body,Fig 2.8,Sagittal,Coronal,Transverse,Abbreviations of Terms,a., aa.
12、artery, arteries v. vein n., nn. nerve, nerves ln. lymph node m., mm. muscle, muscles lig. ligament ant. anterior inf. inferior post. posterior sup. superior f. fibre or fiber,The Locomotor System 运动系统,Components Bones 骨 Joints 关节 Muscles 骨骼肌 Major function Support 支持 Protection 保护 Locomotion 运动 Oth
13、ers：storehouse of calcium， hematopoiesis,Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论,Bones in adult are 206 in number Bones are classified according to their position and shape. The position can be: skull 颅骨 bones of trunk 躯干骨 appendicular skeleton 四肢骨 Types of shape include: long bone 长骨 short bone 短骨 flat
14、bone 扁骨 irregular bone 不规则骨,Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论,Long bones 长骨 Diaphysis or shaft 骨干 medullary cavity 骨髓腔 Epiphysis 骺 (two ends) Articular surface 关节面 Metaphysis 干骺端 Epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨 Epiphysial line 骺线 found in limbs Short bones短骨 Cuboidal in shape Carpal/tarsal bones,骺软骨Epiphy
15、sial cartilage -骺线Epiphysial line,Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论,Flat bones扁骨: thin Found in cranium, thorax and pelvis 4. Irregular bones不规则骨: Have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae Pneumatic bones 含气骨 Sesamoid bones 籽骨 developed within tendon,General structures of bone 骨的构造,1. Bony
16、substance 骨质 2. Periosteum 骨膜 3. Bone marrow 骨髓 4. Blood vessels and nerve,General structures of bone 骨的构造,Bony substance 骨质 compact bone骨密质 spongy bone骨松质 Trabeculae 骨小梁,General structures of bone 骨的构造,In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called outer plate 外板and inner pla
17、te 内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called diplo 板障,General structures of bone 骨的构造,Periosteum 骨膜: Coated the outer surface except the articular surface Outer layer (fibrous layer) Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts 成骨细胞and oste
18、oclasts 破骨细胞 Endosteum 骨内膜 a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.,Bone marrow 骨髓 Filled in the medullary cavity and space within spongy bone Red marrow 红骨髓 is active in blood formation Yellow marrow 黄骨髓 mainly inert and fatty Only found in medullary cavity from 5 years,
19、骨髓穿刺 Bone marrow puncture -诊断 骨髓移植 Bone marrow transplantation -治疗,用你 可再生的骨髓 去挽救不可再生的生命,Chemical composition and physical properties 化学成分和物理性质,Organic material 有机质：the main one is collagen gives the bones resilience and toughness Inorganic salts 无机质： the main one is calcium phosphate give the bones
20、hardness and rigidity,Why the old is at higher risk of bony fracture?,Bones of trunk 躯干骨,Composition: Vertebrae 椎骨(24) Sacrum 骶骨(1) Coccyx 尾骨(1) Sternum 胸骨(1) Ribs 肋 (12 pairs),Vertebrae 椎骨,There are 33-34 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C1-7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T
21、1-12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L1-5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S1-5 sacrum 骶骨(1) Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.1-3/4 coccyx 尾骨(1),General features of vertebrae 椎骨的一般形态,Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根 sup. vertebral notch 椎上切迹 inf. vertebral notch 椎下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 pr
22、ocess (7): spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes上、下关节突 Vertebral foramen 椎孔,Vertebral canal 椎管: spinal cord Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔: spinal nerves,Regional variations of vertebrae 各部椎骨的特征,Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎,Vertebrae Body Small, heart-shape superior costal
23、fovea 上肋凹 inferior costal fovea 下肋凹 Vertebral foramen smaller, rounder Spinous processes long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 Articular processes coronal,Cervical vertebrae 颈椎,Vertebral Body small, oval uncus of vertebral body 椎体钩 Vertebral foramen larger
24、and triangular Spinous processes no in C1 short and bifid in C2 to C6 long and non-bifid in C7 Transverse processes short and bifid transverse foramen 横突孔 Articular processes horizontal,Atypical vertebeae 非典型颈椎,Atlas 寰椎 (C1) Body and spinous process are absent consists of anterior and posterior arch
25、es, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟,Atypical vertebeae 非典型颈椎,Axis 枢椎 (C2): dens 齿突, articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas,Atypical vertebeae 非典型颈椎,Carotid tubercle 颈动脉结节 anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7) has long and non
26、-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes,Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎,Vertebral Body larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen larger and triangular Spinous processes projects horizontally Transverse processes long Arti
27、cular processes sagittal,Regional variations of vertebrae 各部椎骨的特征,Sacrum 骶骨,Anterior surface Promontory 岬 anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔 Posterior surface median sacral crest 骶正中嵴 posterior sacral foramina 骶后孔 sacral canal 骶管 sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 sacral cornu 骶角 Lateral part auricular surface 耳状面 sacral
28、 tuberosity 骶粗隆,Trans-sacral (epidural) anasthesia,palpation,Sacral hiatus,Caudal anaesthesia,Spina bifida cystica 囊性脊柱裂,Sternum 胸骨,Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄 jugular notch 颈静脉切迹 clavicular notch 锁切迹 Body of sternum 胸骨体 Costal notches 肋切迹 Xiphoid process 剑突,Sternum 胸骨, Sternal angle 胸骨角 The junction of ma
29、nubrium and body of sternum Which connects the 2nd costal cartilage laterally Lies opposite the lower border of T4 posteriorly Used as a surface landmark for numbering the rib,Ribs 肋,General features 12 pairs in number true ribs 真肋（r1-7） false ribs 假肋（r8-12） floating ribs 浮肋（r11-12）,Characteristics
30、of “typical” rib 典型肋骨,Posterior end costal head 肋头 costal neck 肋颈 costal tubercle 肋结节 Shaft costal angle 肋角 costal groove 肋沟 Anterior end,costal groove 肋沟,Atypical rib 非典型肋骨,First rib: tubercle for scalenus anterior 前斜角肌结节 sulcus for subclavian artery锁骨下动脉沟 sulcus for subclavian vein锁骨下静脉沟 11th and
31、12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles,You must identify follow structures！,Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根 sup. and inf. vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板 spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突
32、 Vertebral foramen 椎孔,Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔 superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹 transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹 transverse foramen 横突孔 Atlas 寰椎 Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟 Promontory 岬 anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔 median sacral crest 骶正中嵴 posterior sacral foramina 骶后孔,You must identify f
33、ollow structures！,sacral canal 骶管 sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 sacral cornu 骶角 auricular surface 耳状面 sacral tuberosity 骶粗隆 Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄 jugular notch 颈静脉切迹 clavicular notch 锁切迹,Body of sternum 胸骨体 Xiphoid process 剑突 Sternal angle 胸骨角 costal head 肋头 costal neck 肋颈 costal tubercle 肋结节 costal angle 肋角 costal groove 肋沟 Tubercle for scalenus anterior前斜角肌结节,掌握常用的解剖学术语。 掌握骨的形态分类、构造和功能。 掌握躯干骨的组成。 掌握椎骨的一般形态和各部椎骨的特征。 掌握胸骨的形态、分部及胸骨角的临床意义。 掌握肋的一般形态和分类。 掌握躯干骨的体表标志。,