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1、 高一年级 化学必修2 第一章 物质结构 元素周期律 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created w
2、ith Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 族的别称 A称为 元素 A称为 元素 A称为 元素 A称为 元素 A称为 元素 零族称为 元素 碱金属 碳族 氮族 氧族 卤族 稀有气体 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created w
3、ith Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with As
4、pose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 二、元素的性质与原子结构 查阅元素周期表填写P5表格 ，从中发现碱金属的原子结构 有何异同点？ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
5、3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyri
6、ght 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 碱金属的原子结构示意图 1.碱金属原子结构的异同 相同点：碱金属元素原子结构的 相同， 都为 。 递变性：从Li到Cs，碱金属元素 的原子结构中， 依次 增多。 最外层电子数1个 电子层数 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-
7、2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2.碱金属元素单质化学性质
8、的 相似性和递变性 最外层上都只有一个电子，化学反应中易 失去一个电子，形成+1价的阳离子，并能 与氧气等非金属元素及水发生化学反应。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. E
9、valuation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 取一小块钾， 擦干表面的煤油 后放在石棉网上 加热，观察现象 。同钠与氧气的 反应比较。 Evaluation only.Evaluatio
10、n only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.
11、0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 钠 钾 与氧气 反应 剧烈燃烧，火焰 呈 色，生成 色的固体 剧烈燃烧，火 焰呈 色 与水反 应（绿 豆大一 块） 在水面上、 成 银白色、在水面上 四处 、滴入酚酞 溶液呈 色 在水面上、 成银白色、在水面 上四处 、滴入酚 酞溶液呈 色， 有微弱爆炸 钠、钾化学性质比较 黄淡黄紫 浮 熔 游 红 Evaluation o
12、nly.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client P
13、rofile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （1）碱金属元素原子的最外层都 有1个电子，它们的化学性质相似 与O2的反应 2Na + O2 Na2O2 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.
14、Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyr
15、ight 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 更为复杂 K2O、K2O2、KO2 Li2O 更为复杂 Na2O、Na2O2 Cs K Li Rb Na 反应程度 与O2反应单质 越来越剧烈 碱金属与氧气反应比较 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile
16、5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspos
17、e Pty Ltd. 在小烧杯中放入一些水，然后取绿 豆大的钾，吸干表面的煤油，投入到 小烧杯中，观察现象。 钠和水钾和水 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluat
18、ion only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 钠 钾 与氧气 反应 剧烈燃烧，火焰 呈 色，生成 色的固体 剧烈燃烧，火 焰呈 色 与水反 应（绿 豆大一 块） 在水面上、 成银白色、在水 面上四处
19、 、滴 入酚酞溶液呈 色 在水面上、 成银白色、在 水面上四处 、 滴入酚酞溶液呈 色，有微弱 爆炸 钠、钾化学性质比较 黄 淡黄 紫 浮浮 熔 熔 游游 红红 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspo
20、se Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （1）碱金属元素原子的最外层都 有1个电子，它们的化学性质相似 与水的反应 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH +
21、H2 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 通式：2R +2H2O = 2ROH + H2 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evalua
22、tion only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Cs K Li Rb Na 反应程度 与水反应单质 碱金属与水反应比较 剧烈 产生氢气 更剧烈 产生氢气 轻微爆炸 遇水立即燃烧爆炸 遇水立即燃烧爆炸 越来越剧烈 Evaluatio
23、n only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Clien
24、t Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （2）碱金属元素从上到下（Li 、Na、K、 Rb、Cs），随着核电荷数的增加，碱金属 元素原子的电子层数逐渐 ，原子核 对 的引力逐渐减弱，原子失 电子的能力逐渐 。 增多 最外层电子 增强 元素的金属性逐渐 ，与水和氧气 的反应越来越 ，生成的氧化物越来 越 。最高价氧化物对应水化物的碱
25、性越来越 。 增强 剧烈 复杂 强 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspos
26、e.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 练习：某碱金属3.9g与足量水反 应，生成氢气0.1g，则该金属是 什么？ Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Pr
27、ofile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile
28、5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3.元素金属性强弱判断依据： （1）根据金属单质与水或者与 酸反应置换出氢的难易程度。置 换出氢越容易，则金属性越强。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.
29、Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd
30、. 已知金属A可与冷水反应，金 属B和热水才能反应，金属C和水 不能反应，判断金属A、B、C金属 性强弱如何？ 金属性 A B C Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Eva
31、luation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （2）根据金属元素最高价氧化物对 应水化物碱性强弱。碱性越强，则 原金属元素的金属性越强。 Evaluation only.Evaluation
32、 only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0
33、.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 已知NaOH为强碱、Mg(OH)2为中 强碱、 Al(OH)3为两性氢氧化物， 则Na、Mg、Al的金属性强弱顺序如 何？ 金属性 Na Mg Al Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5
34、.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0
35、. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. （1）根据金属单质与水或者与酸反应置 换出氢的难易程度。置换出氢越容易，则 金属性越强。 （2）根据金属元素最高价氧化物对应水 化物碱性强弱。碱性越强，则原金属元素 的金属性越强。 （3）可以根据对应阳离子的氧化性强弱判 断。金属阳离子氧化性越弱，则其单质的还 原性越强，对应元素的金属性越强。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client
36、 Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profi
37、le 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 氧化性 Al3+Mg2+Na+ ， 则元素金属性顺序为 NaMgAl Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 As
38、pose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 碱金属的物理性质 有何相似性 和递变性？
39、 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
40、 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 4.碱金属的物理性质的比较 相 似 点 递 变 颜色 硬度 密度 熔沸点 导电导热性 密度变化 熔沸点变化 Li Na K Rb Cs 均为银白色（Cs略带金色） 柔软 较小 较低 强 逐渐增大（K特殊） 单质的熔沸点逐渐降低 Evaluation only.Evaluat
41、ion only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.
42、0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1.锂电池是一种高能电池。 锂有机化学中重要的催化剂。 锂制造氢弹不可缺少的材料。 锂是优质的高能燃料（已经 用于宇宙飞船、人造卫星和 超声速飞机）。 3铷铯主要用于制备光电管 、真空管。铯原子钟是目前最 准确的计时仪器。 2钾的化合物最大用途是做钾 肥。硝酸钾还用于做火药。 5.碱金属元素的用途： Evaluation
43、 only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client
44、 Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 课堂练习： 碱金属钫(Fr)具有放射性，它是碱金属元 素中最重的元素，下列预言错误的是： .在碱金属中它具有最大的原子半径 .它的氢氧化物化学式为FrOH,是一种极强 的碱 C.钫在空气中燃烧时,只生成化学式为Fr2O的 氧化物 D.它能跟水反应生成相应的碱和氢气,由于反 应剧烈而发生爆 Eva
45、luation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5
46、 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 名称 反应应条件 方程式 氢氢化物稳稳定性 F2 冷暗处爆炸 H2+F2=2HF HF很稳定 Cl2 光照或点燃 H2+Cl2=2HCl HCl稳定 Br2 高温 H2+Br2=2HBr HBr较不稳定 I2 高温、持续加热 H2+I2=2HI HI很不稳定 缓慢进行 卤素与氢气的
47、反应 （1）反应的剧烈程度：越来越弱 卤素单质与H2化合的难易关系：F2 Cl2 Br2 I 2 (2)卤化氢的稳定性关系：HF HCl HBr HI 结论: F Cl Br I 随着核电荷数的增多，原子半径的增大 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty L
48、td.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 最外层7个电子易得一个电子， 核电荷数递增 电子层数递增 原
49、子半径依次增大 得电子能力逐渐减弱 原子结构 性质 决定 具氧化性 氧化性逐渐减弱 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2