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1、Lecture7 词的翻译技巧（2）词类转换,在英汉翻译过程中，有些句子由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。词类转译的情况有四种。 一、转译成动词 1. 名词转译成动词 英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词，汉译时往往可转化为动词。 （1）由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现较多。 One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of
2、 the oppressed of the world. 发言人一个接一个的表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上被压迫人民。,Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had founded on one point: U.S insistence on the right to make on site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russias refusal. 到1972年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备
3、竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。 The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist. 1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。,She rather liked
4、to embroider silk lambrequins, as feat of womanly prowess, but her darning of Fathers socks was an impatient and not too-skillful performance. 她宁愿绣绣绸缎桌布，显显她的本领，至于替父亲补袜，那时她既不耐烦也做得不太好的工作。,2 含有动作意味的名词（常见于记叙、描写文体中）可以转译成动词。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，
5、听见隆隆的飞机声，令我特别神往。 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial. 从他办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂的全景。 As I taxied over the muddy steel matting of the runway, I got a wave and a grin from my wingman Lt. Rex Barber. 当我驾着飞机在泥泞的钢垫跑道上滑行时，我的僚机驾驶员雷克斯巴伯中尉
6、向我边笑边挥手。 They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。,3英语中有些加后缀er的名词，如teacher 教师，thinker 思想家等，有时在句中不指具体身份和职业，而是表示动作，汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，可译为动词。 I am afraid I cant teach you English. I think my daughter is a better teacher than I. 恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教得好。 Talking with his son,
7、 the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。,4作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译为动词。如to have a rest 和to have a good look at 里的rest 和look. They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. 他们看了铁麦克雕像最后一眼它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。 A great cloud rose from the ground and
8、 followed the trail of the great sun. At first it was a giant column, which soon took the shape of a supramundane mushroom. For a fleeting instant it took the form of the Statue of Liberty magnified many times. 一朵庞大的烟云随着一轮巨日从地面升起。它起初是个巨大的圆柱，很快形成了凌云飞空的大蘑菇，一瞬间又变成了一座扩大了许多倍的自由女神像。,2前置词转译成动词 英语中含有动作意味的前置
9、词，如across, past, toward等，汉译时译成动词。 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold cave, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃简单的饭食，住寒冷的窑洞， 靠着微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。 “coming！” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！“她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,Car
10、lisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by a little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. 卡列斯尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬了上去，经过许多小店铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然冲着一大片绿色草地终止了。,The victory of justice over arbitrar
11、y, acts of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil, our victory of 25 October will represent one of the glorious pages of our history, and we shall be able to leave it to our heirs. 正义战胜了专断行为，理智战胜了坠落和盲目， 民主战胜了帝国主义，善战胜了恶。我们在10月25日取得的胜利将在历史上写下光辉的一页，我们将把它传之
12、于子孙后代。,3形容词转译成动词 英语中表示知觉、感情、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语时， 往往可以转译成汉语动词，此类形容词有：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able等。 Integrity means you do what you do because its right and not j
13、ust fashionable or politically correct. 诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。,4副词转译成动词 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？ That book will be out pretty soon. 那本书不久就要出版了。 In those year
14、s the republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。 Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over. 尼克松先生屡次声称，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。,二、 转译成名词 （1）英语中很多由名词派生来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相对应的动词，这时可以将其译为汉语名词。 I名词派生的动词 Formality has always characterized their relationships. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以
15、礼相待。 Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意细节。（粗心大意） The book did not impress me at all. 那本书没留给我什么印象。 II 名词转用的动词 In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky. 黎明时，天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。 Harry aims to become a computer expert. 哈里的目标是成为计算机专家。 The machine we
16、ighs about five hundred kilograms. 这台机器的重量是500公斤。,（2）有些英语被动句子中的动词，可以译成“受到+名词“、”予以+名词“的形式。 Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views. 在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。 When light falls on certain things, it bounces back, which
17、we say the light is reflected. 光照到某种物体上会弹回来，这种情况我们称之为光受到反射。 Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the moon and earth. 由于经常受月亮以及地球引力的影响，对卫星活动必须加以密切观察。 Skirmishes between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots were silently wit
18、nessed, as was the heavy fighting between Lebanese troops and Moslem forces in 1958. 希腊族和土耳其塞浦路斯人之间的小小交锋，和一九五八年黎巴嫩军队与穆斯林武装力量之间的鏖战一样，受到我们的暗中关注。,（3）形容词转译成名词 I 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 SS guards then shoved each prisoner in t
19、he direction the doctor had indicated. Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young. Judged unfit for work, they were being consigned to the gas chamber. 希特勒的党卫军按照医生所指的方向把监禁的人推过去。那些可怜地挤在左边的人都是些老、弱、病、幼者。他们被认为不适宜于干活，正被送到毒气室去处理。,II有些形容词在翻译时如不易或不能用适宜的汉语形容词表达，可改用名词表达。 Many Western people are religious. 很多西方人/西方人多数都是虔诚的教徒。 Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。 They were considered insincere. 人们认为他们是伪君子。,