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1、The French Revolution “Bourgeois“ Phase: 1789-1792,By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY,It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity - Charles Dickens A Tale
2、of Two Cities,The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793,Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI,Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children,Marie Antoinettes “Peasant Cottage”,Marie Antoinettes “Peasant Cottage”,Let Them Eat Cake!,Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! “Madame Deficit” “The Austrian Whore”,Crane Brintons Anatom
3、y of a Revolution,He borrowed his terms from pathology. Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease: The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.” It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks. A period
4、of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.,Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs,People from all social classes are discontented. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy o
5、r the govt. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes. The social classes closest to one another are the m
6、ost hostile.,Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Occurs,The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. The government does not respond to the needs of its society. The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the
7、 opposition groups. The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself. The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.,Socio-Economic Data, 1789,The French Urban Poor,Urban Commoners Budget: Food 80%
8、 Rent 25% Tithe 10% Taxes 35% Clothing 20% TOTAL 170%,Kings Budget: Interest 50% Army 25% Versailles 25% Coronation 10% Loans 25% Admin. 25% TOTAL 160%,Financial Problems in France, 1789,French Budget, 1774,Where is the tax money?,Lettres de Cachet,The French king could warrant imprisonment or death
9、 in a signed letter under his seal.,A carte-blanche warrant.,Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV!,Eliminated in 1790.,Ancien Regime Map, 1789,Commoners 3rd Estate,Aristocracy 2nd Estate,Clergy 1st Estate,The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates,1,1,1,Louis XIV insisted
10、that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.,Commoners 3rd Estate,Aristocracy 2nd Estate,Clergy 1st Estate,The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!,300,300,648,Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes,1st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2nd What has i
11、t been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3rd What does it demand? To become something therein!,Abb Sieys 1748-1836,Convening the Estates General May, 1789,Last time it was called into session was 1614!,“The Third Estate Awakens”,The commoners finally presented their credentials not as dele
12、gates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”,They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.,“The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David,June 20, 1789,Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution,Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789,A rumor that the king was plan
13、ning a military coup against the National Assembly.,18 died. 73 wounded. 7 guards killed. It held 7 prisoners 5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen.,Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to Take,Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end. Unsuccessful government
14、attempts to suppress revolutionaries. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes.,Crane Brinton: The Course that
15、Revolutions Seem to Take,Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control. A strong man emerges and assumes great power. The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all of their
16、opponents. A period of terror extreme violence occurs. Moderate groups regain power. THE REVOLUTION IS OVER!,The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789),Rumors that the feudal aristocracy the aristos were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.,The Path of the “Great Fea
17、r”,Night Session of August 4, 1789,Before the night was over: The feudal regime in France had been abolished. All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices.,Equality & Meritocracy!,National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791,Au
18、gust Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!),Libert!,Egalit!,Fraternit!,BUT . . . . .,Feudal dues were not renounced outright this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property! Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct pa
19、yments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed. Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.,Their Goal,Safeguard the right of private property!,The Tricolor (1789),The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.,Citizen!,The
20、 Tricolor is the Fashion!,Revolutionary Symbols,Cockade,Revolutionary Clock,La Republic,Libert,Revolutionary Playing Cards,The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,August 26, 1789,Liberty! Property! Resistance to oppression! Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.,The Declaration
21、of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas,Did women have equal rights with men? What about free blacks in the colonies? How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?,March of the Women, Octo
22、ber 5-6, 1789,We want the baker, the bakers wife and the bakers boy!,A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.,The “October Days” (1789),The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.,Planting
23、the Tree of Liberty,1790,How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790),One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.,2. Print Assignats,Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.,Deprecia
24、tion of the Assignat,Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. They began circulating as paper currency. Government printed more INFLATION they lost 99% of their value ultimately. Therefore, future
25、 governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.,The Civil Constitution of the Clergy,July 12, 1790,Jurying vs. Non-Jurying refractory Clergy,The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic population!,New Relations Between Church & State,Government paid the salaries of the French cle
26、rgy and maintained the churches. The church was reorganized: Parish priests elected by the district assemblies. Bishops named by the department assemblies. The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. It transformed Frances Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!,Pope Piu
27、s VI 1775-1799,Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791,The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government,The king got the “suspensive” veto which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years. He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their own actions.,
28、A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. Had the power to grant taxation.,An independent judiciary.,The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government,“Active” Citizen who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen. 1/3 of adult males were denied the fr
29、anchise. Domestic servants were also excluded.,A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.,GOAL Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!,83 Revolutionary Departments,February 26, 1790,The Royal Family Attempts to Flee,June, 1791 Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen Marie Antoi
30、nettes lover. Headed toward the Luxembourg border. The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border,Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793),Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791),Women played a vital role in the Revolution. But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the
31、rights and protections of citizenship to women.,The First Coalition (August 3, 1792),FRANCE,1792-1797,AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT,Prussia & Austria if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!,This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.,French Soldiers & the Tri
32、color: Vive Le Patrie!,The French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict. of the officer corps had emigrated. Many men disserted. New recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained. French troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.,French Expansion: 1791-1799,Bibliographic Resources,“Hist210Euro
33、pe in the Age of Revolutions.” http:/www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.” http:/chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. Cambridge University Press, 2001. “The Napoleonic Guide.” http:/