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1、Peripheral vessel: mechanical or chemical closure,Cardiovascular Interventional laboratoratory, San Donato Milanese Hospital, Milano Director Prof. Luigi Inglese Nadia Mollichelli,June 14th MEET 2007. Multidisciplinary European Endovascular therapy,Manual compression: the gold standard,Seldinger tec
2、hnique, introduced in 1951, obtained the hemostasis at the end of the procedure by manual pressure for 10-15 minutes, followed by 6-8 hours of bed rest, in patients with normal coagulation parameters. Seldinger SI. Catheter placement of needles in percutaneous arteriography; a new technique. Acta Ra
3、diol 1953; 39: 368-76.,Later on the introduction of mechanical methods as Femostop, Compressar or Clamp easy facilitated the problem of manual compression but didnt reduce the time of patient bed rest and the rate of hematoma formation.,Mechanical compression,Vascular closure device,The new interven
4、tional tecniques have increased the use of new devices that require large sheaths, periprocedural anticoagulation and most important double antiplatelet therapy with a consequent increase in the access site related complication of up to 17%. Waksman et Al. Predictors of groin complication after ball
5、oon and new device coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 886-889.,Ideal closure device,Easy device application High successful rate with short time to hemostasis Low rates of complications Possibility of repeated vascular access,Available closure devices and their mechanisms of action,Major
6、complications of VCD,Hematoma requiring trasfusion or surgery Pseudoaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Retroperitoneal hematoma Femoral artery thrombosis Access site infection Device embolization Failure,Predictors of vascular complications,Age and Gender Severe PVD Diabetes Sheath size Final ACT level
7、Peri PCI pharmacotherapy (thrombolitics, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors) Multiple arterial puncture attempts Operator learning curve,AngioSeal,The AngioSeal device was introduced in Europe 1994. It consists of an anchor, a collagen plug, and a suture. The biodegradable collagen plug induces platelet activat
8、ion and aggregation, and releases coagulation factors. AngioSeal produces a sandwich closure of the arteriotomy site between the anchor and collagen plug,Co-polymer Anchor,Collagen Sponge,Suture,AngioSeal: hemostasis mechanisms,PRIMARY MECHANISM MECHANICAL: Anchor-Collagen Arteriotomy Sandwich,SECON
9、DARY MECHANISM BIOCHEMICAL: Coagulation-inducing Properties of Collagen,Internal components of AngioSeal,Anchor: inside the artery, smooth, tapered dome shape, blend of lactide and glycolide polymers. Non thrombogenic. Breakdown via hydrolisis in less than 90 days.,Collagen: bovine collagen, which i
10、s pressed on the outer surface of the artery. Break down through leukocytosis in less than 90 days,Suture: polyglicolic acid. Break down via hydrolisis, significant absorption at 30 days, complete in 60-90 days,AngioSeal deployment: step 1,Thread the arteriotomy locator/insertion sheath assembly ove
11、r the guidewire When blood begins to flow from the proximal drip hole the insertion sheath is in the artery The dilatator/sheath combination is withdrawn until flow ceases and then reinserted 1-2 cm.,The locator system is removed and the AngioSeal carrier tube is introduced through the hemostatic va
12、lve Gently pullback on AngioSeal device cap until resistance felt,which deploys the anchor,AngioSeal deployment:step 2,Once the Device Cap is locked into rear position, fully withdraw device sheath assembly until resistance is felt, which indicates that the anchor is against the inner arterial wall.
13、 Grip Tamper Tube and slide it down to advance knot and collagen to the artery, while maintaining upward tension on suture. A marker on the suture indicates adequate depth,AngioSeal deployment: step 3,Angiography of the femoral artery access site,The routine use of a femoral angiogram through the or
14、iginal procedure sheath prior to puncture closure with a closure device can prevent complications associated with sub-optimal vascular access, unrecognized peripheral vascular disease, small diameter vessels and other anatomical variants,Femoral puncture close to the biforcation Collagen in arterial
15、 lumen, high risk of thrombosis,High FA biforcation,Artery diameter,AngioSeal is controindicated if the artery diameter is less than 4mm because the anchor cannot deploy.,Femoral puncture close to a plaque No perfect anchor adherence, collagen in arterial lumen, high risk of thrombosis,Disadvantages
16、 of the collagen plug,Potential risk of local infection in delayed closure Repeat puncture of the artery within 3 months is not recommended because of the theoretical possibility of disrupting or disloging the hemostatic plug. Applegate showed that restick of the artery in which Angioseal device has
17、 been deployed 90 days can be performed safely 1 cm above or below the original stick. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003; 58: 181-84.,Studies investigating AngioSeal vascular closure devices,Vascular closure devices vs manual compression A Meta-analysis. Nikolsky et al. JACC 2004; 44: 1200-9.,Randomi
18、zed, case control, cohort studies. A total of 30 studies, 37,066 patients Objective: safety of arteriotomy closure device versus manual compression Primary endpoint: cumulative incidence of vascular complications, including pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, retroperitoneal hematoma.,Vascular cl
19、osure device vs manual compression A Meta-analysis. Nikolsky et al. JACC 2004; 44: 1200-9.,StarClose,Starclose device,CLIP,Made of Nitinol 4 mm diameter, 0.2 mm thick 2 long tines provide tissue apposition of arteriotomy 4 short tines keep the clip extravascular and secure it in place,Vessel locator
20、,Starclose vessel locator is designed to provide tactile feedback for device positioning in the artery Made of Nitinol Starclose advantage Vessel locator retracts completely before Clip fire with an extraluminar closure of the artery,Starclose: click 1,Starclose: click 2-Vessel locator deployment,St
21、arclose: advance the thumb advancer,Starclose:click 3,Starclose: click 4-clip deployment,Raise the device less than 90 And then press the trigger to deploy the clip,CLIP Study,The Clip study is the first randomized multicenter trial that compares Starclose device to manual compression. - 596 patient
22、s “The clinical results of this study demonstrate that starclose is non inferior to manual compression with respect to the primary safety endpoint of major vascular events in subjects who undergo percutaneous interventional procedure” Hermiller et al.Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions
23、2006. 68: 677-683.,Non randomized trial of manual compression, angioseal and starclose in common femoral artery puncture,Lakshmi et al. Cardiovasc.Intervent.Radiol.(2007) 30: 182-88,Peripheral vascular disease,188 patients, 144 procedures were diagnostic, 76 were intervention Time to mobilization: w
24、ithin 1 h for 6 F, 3 hours for 8F Same day discharge Only two complications: one pseudoaneurysm and one femoral artery occlusion. The use of AngioSeal device for femoral artery closure. Abando et al. J Vasc Surg.2004; 40: 287-90.,Suture mediated percutaneous closure device in antegrade puncture. Dud
25、a et al. Radiology 1999; 210: 47-52,Peripheral artery disease: AngioSeal efficacy in antegrade puncture Mukhopadhyay et al. EJR 2005: 56: 409-12.,21 patients with antegrade puncture had a 6 F sheath angioseal for haemostasis Only one small haematoma and one ischaemia in a 82 years old diabetic man.
26、Advantage: immediate removal of the introducer sheath without compromising blood flow to the distal extremity with prolonged manual compression for hemostasis,Off label used of VCD,From december 2003 to May 2007, 50 patients with AAA were excluded with Gore Excluder in our cath. lab. The 12 F sheath
27、 introducer of the controlater leg was closed with AngioSeal 8 F, as well as 12 and 13 long sheath used for decoartation of thoracic aorta. We recordered 100% success in acheiving hemostasis, only three minor complications (small hematoma).,Patch technology,The patch improves the efficacy of manual
28、compression, particularly in anticoagulated patients. It is applied externally and accelerates the coagulation process.,Patch technology,Where to Use the Patch Tecnology,Non-Femoral approaches,Femoral approach diagnostic angiography with 4 or 5 F sheath,Conclusion 1,Vascular closure device can obtai
29、n hemostasis rapidly also in presence of fully anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents, with less discomfort and early mobilization of the patient The existing evidence suggests that complication rates vs manual compression are not increased significantly. The use of a VCD has improved the efficienc
30、y and productivity of our Cath. Lab.,Conclusion 2,None of the devices on the market is dramatically different with regard to efficacy and complications We prefer AngioSeal to Starclose in calcified arteries, in a large arteriotomies and in obese patients In all other patients we generally use the Starclose device because in our experience the only complication observed is the immediate failure of the device (no pseudoaneurysm, retroperitoneal hematoma, femoral artery thrombosis or access site infection have been observed with starclose in our cath. lab.).,