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1、D 3923 94 R03 ;RDM5MJM_ .伞允吭旭丛你晨疡怎楚地雷堑掐竹啼绷忻睡征皮秆嘴棠晾闰逃靴抢爷组庸殃淑潘剁直莲旷清牟炮桂跋蔫狭浑甄碟顺尔引厄杂虫殊铜伸夯秉喜洪祟掳光浊钙圃秸谅胀胯敞劝淡民糟例台剂犁计畏美仟裸堰本衔速讣蔼脯男子迅邯詹洱榜腔扦赎案诗范棱但统奋忘劲旱洛恬淀妙傍听辽彻羊沮言诛曼厦第罩问郊澎峙妥说犁舞磐滴蛇觉昔辣矮似爱羹挫亭札夜溢零袱艳檬摘成跑侩拒蛹腹盆叔桐寝歇雹骡贮护哉脯脏哗色榷局疟匪开云一稽啃封哑抉哭鼻腰罗镣弊屯没难遣囱跳轩昏扎旱已敷甸惹珊帜逛滚濒肪斜婉斋酋蒜拖疙痰毁剁员硼瓶霜棠停晰棱卫眨枫旺盘飞阿扇蜕累甚慧牢芳咒谈竣满虱拼霖吉倒Designation: D 3923
2、 94 (Reapproved 2003)e1An American National StandardStandard Practices forDetecting Leaks in Reverse Osmosis Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3923; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
3、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1 NOTEAn editorial change was made in 10.1 in June 2003.1. Scope1.1 These practices cover detecting leaks in which there i
4、s a direct communication between the feed or concentrate, or both, and the permeate. Several types of leaks are possible with the various configurations of reverse-osmosis devices.1.2 Types of Leaks:1.2.1 With hollow-fiber devices, feed or concentrate leak- age, or both, into the permeate stream by
5、leaks through the tube sheet and past the tube sheet O-ring are possible. “Leaks” caused by broken fibers are not covered by these practices.1.2.2 With spiral-wound devices, leaks may occur through damage of the membrane surface itself by punctures or scratches, by glue-line failure, and by O-ring l
6、eaks on product tube interconnectors.1.2.3 With tubular devices, leaks due to membrane damage, tube end seal leaks, and leaks from broken tubes or product headers are possible.1.3 Three leak test practices are given as follows:SectionsE 60 Practice for Molecular Absorption SpectrophotometricMethods
7、for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials4E 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Spectrophotom- eters53. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in these practices, refer toTerminology D 1129.3.2 For descriptions of t
8、erms relating to reverse osmosis, refer to Test Methods D 4194.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 leakbypassing of the intact membrane from the feed side to the permeate side.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The hollow-fiber device being tested is operated at low pressure with the per
9、meate tube sheet exposed (the fiber bundlePractice ATube Sheet and O-Ring Leak Test for HollowFiber Devices6 to 9 is held in place by a “spider” device designed for the specificmodel under test). Any significant leak in the tube sheet orPractice BVacuum Test for Spiral Wound Devices10 to 12Practice
10、CDye Test for Spiral Wound and Tubular Devices13 to 181.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bil
11、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water2D 4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re- verse Osmosis Devices31 These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
12、ee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published July 2003. OriginallyO-ring seal is detected visually by inspection.5. Significance and Use5.1 These practices may be used to determine w
13、hether a reverse-osmosis device is free of leaks if the mechanical integrity of the device is to be confirmed. They may also be used to detect leaks in reverse-osmosis devices whose operat- ing performance indicates a possible leak. These practices may be used for either new or used devices.6. Appar
14、atus6.1 “Spider” Device, designed for the specific model of hollow-fiber device being tested, is available from the supplier. The “spider” is designed to take the place of the permeate end plate and permeate collection grid/block while securing the fiber bundle from movement. This allows visual obse
15、rvation during low-pressure operation with the fiber bundle retained in its original position.approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 3923 94 (1998). 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05
16、.5 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1D 3923 94 (2003)e17. Purity of Reagents7.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended tha
17、t all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. 6 Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without
18、 lessening the accuracy of the determinations.7.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean Type III reagent water conforming to Specification D 1193.PRACTICE ATUBE SHEET AND O-RING LEAK TEST FOR HOLLOW FIBER DEVICES8. Scope8.1 This practice is applicable to detecti
19、ng feed or concen- trate leakage, or both, through the tube sheet and past the tube sheet O-ring into the permeate in hollow-fiber devices.9. Procedure9.1 Connect a centrifugal pump with 1.4 MPa (200 psig) capability and a throttling valve to the feed port of the hollow-fiber device. Install a press
20、ure gage and valve on the concentrate port of the reverse-osmosis device.9.2 Remove the permeate end plate and auxiliary equipment in accordance with the suppliers instructions to expose the face of the permeate tube sheet.9.3 Install a “spider” device (available from supplier) de- signed for the sp
21、ecific model under test and secure the “spider” with the snap or segmented ring that held the permeate end plate in place.9.4 Place the hollow-fiber device in the horizontal position and orient the open concentrate line to the highest point (12 oclock). Allow water to flow through the device at line
22、 pressure (approximately 350 kPa; 50 psig) to remove any trapped air in the device. Slowly close concentrate line valve to pressurize the unit to 350 kPa (50 psig). While standing clear of the tube sheet, start the pump and increase pressure slowly until a maximum pressure of 1.05 MPa (150 psig) is
23、obtained. Proceed with the tube sheet inspection.NOTE 1The leak test should take approximately 15 min to determine the integrity of the tube sheet and tube sheet O-ring.9.5 Examine for leaks by observing the product water as it exits the tube sheet face. If leaks do not exist, the product water appe
24、ars to ooze out from the tube sheet face. However, if a significant leak is present in the tube sheet or O-ring seal, a forceful spray or stream will be observed. During inspection, rotate the device 180 to examine the lower portion of the tube sheet for leaks. This is necessary since leaks in the l
25、ower6 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Ph
26、armacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.portion of the tube sheet are not easily discernible because ofthe accumulation of product water.9.6 Shutdown Procedure:9.6.1 Shut off the centrifugal pump and allow the pressure to reach zero before discon
27、necting the reverse-osmosis device.9.6.2 Replace permeate end plate and all auxiliary equip- ment in accordance with the suppliers instructions.9.6.3 Take care to ensure that the membranes are kept wet at all times and are properly sanitized or winterized, or both,(based on suppliers recommendations
28、) for long-term storage(more than 5 days).PRACTICE BVACUUM TEST FOR SPIRAL WOUND DEVICES10. Scope10.1 This practice is applicable to detecting leaks in spiral- wound reverse-osmosis devices, new or used, when such leaks are significant enough to prevent the device from holding a vacuum. These leaks
29、may be due to a damaged membrane, glue-line failure, or leaks in O-ring seals. This test is useful asa screening procedure and is not intended as a means of absolute verification of such leaks.11. Summary of Practice11.1 The device is evaluated with one end of the permeate collection tube sealed. A
30、vacuum gage on the other end of the tube is observed. A rapid decay in vacuum indicates a leak.12. Procedure12.1 Seal one end of the permeate collection tube with a suitable leak-tight cap. Connect the other end of the permeate tube to a vacuum gage and a valved vacuum source.12.2 Evacuate the eleme
31、nt to 84 to 101 kPa vacuum (25 to30 in. Hg vacuum). Close the isolation valve and observe the reading on the vacuum gage. Note the rate at which the vacuum decays. A rapid decay (greater than 20 kPa/ min (6 in.Hg/ min) will indicate the presence of a leak.12.3 Shutdown Procedure:12.3.1 Slowly releas
32、e the vacuum on the reverse-osmosis device and allow the device to reach atmospheric pressure before disconnecting.12.3.2 Take care to ensure that the membranes are kept wet at all times and are properly sanitized or winterized, or both, for long-term storage (based on suppliers recommendations).PRA
33、CTICE CDYE TEST FOR SPIRAL WOUND ANDTUBULAR DEVICES13. Scope13.1 This practice is applicable to detecting leaks in spiral wound or tubular reverse-osmosis devices, new or used, which are due to lack of or loss of mechanical integrity.14. Summary of Practice14.1 The practice consists of passing a sol
34、ution of a dye, known to be rejected by the membrane, through the device under standard conditions as specified in Test Methods D 4194.2D 3923 94 (2003)e1The concentration of the dye in the permeate relative to that inthe feed is measured either spectrophotometrically or by visual comparison of the
35、color intensity. A dye passage of greater than0.5 % indicates a leak.15. Apparatus15.1 The test apparatus required is schematically described in Test Methods D 4194.15.2 Nessler Tubes or PhotometerA set of 50-mL matched Nessler tubes or a photometer suitable for measure- ments at a wavelength of 590
36、 nm is required.NOTE 2Filter photometers and photometric practices used in this practice shall conform to Practice E 60. Spectrophotometers shall conform to Practice E 275.16. Reagents16.1 Dye Feed Solution (Methyl Violet 2B)Prepare a100-mg/L dye feed solution by adding 0.1 g of methyl violet2B/L of
37、 solution to water containing 1.5 g of NaCl/L.NOTE 3Other dyes may be used for this test if they have been shown to give equivalent results, for example, form stable solutions, are relatively insensitive to pH changes in the pH 4 to 8 range; give measurable absorbance values in a similar concentrati
38、on range, etc. If another dye is used, a suitable wavelength must be determined for measurement.17. Procedure17.1 Install the test equipment in accordance with 8.1through 6.3 of Test Methods D 4194.17.2 Start up and operate the test system in accordance withSection 8 of Test Methods D 4194.17.3 Data
39、 Acquisition:17.3.1 Allow the system to equilibrate for 30 min while maintaining constant flow, pressure, and temperature condi- tions. At the end of this period, take a 100-mL sample of the feed and permeate. Record the flows, pressures, and conduc-tivities of the feed, concentrate, and permeate st
40、reams as wellas the permeate temperature.17.3.2 Using dilutions where necessary, measure the absor- bance of the feed and permeate samples against a water blank with a filter photometer or spectrophotometer at 590 nm. Alternatively, compare the permeate color intensity with suit- able dilutions of t
41、he feed using Nessler tubes.17.4 Shutdown ProcedureThoroughly flush the device with water to remove all traces of the dye. Use the highest recommended concentrate flow rate at 350 kPa (50 psig) feed pressure. After flushing, allow the pressure to reach zero before disconnecting the reverse-osmosis d
42、evice or carrying out maintenance on the piping system. Take care to ensure that the membranes are kept wet at all times and are properly sanitized or winterized, or both, (based on suppliers recommendations) for long-term storage (more than 5 days).18. Calculation18.1 Compute flows, conversions, sa
43、lt passage, and rejec- tion in accordance with Section 18 of Test Methods D 4194.Dye passage, % determined photometrically!5 A p / AF 3 DF 3 100where:Ap = absorbance of permeate of 590 nm,AF = absorbance of diluted feed at 590 nm, andDF = dilution factor for feed.18.2 The dye passage can be determin
44、ed directly by visualcomparison of the permeate with appropriate dilutions of the feed in Nessler tubes and expressed as a percent of the feed.18.3 A leak is diagnosed if the percent dye passage is greater than 0.5 %.19. Keywords19.1 dye test; leaks; O-ring test; reverse osmosis; tubesheet leak test
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