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1、CharacteristicsThe family comprises the five Vector Network Analyzers ZVRL, ZVRE and ZVR as well as ZVCE and ZVC which extend the frequency range to 8 GHz. All models are compact instruments with integrated generator, test set and receiver, each tailored to a different field of application. All anal
2、yzers can be subsequently upgraded to the higher-class models. ZVRE and ZVCE : the economy modelsThe test set of these models comprises two SWR bridges (ZVRE) or directional couplers (ZVCE), an RF switch, two measurement channels and one reference channel. They measure the magnitude and phase of all
3、 four S-parameters of a DUT, allow a full two-port calibration (TOSM) and have an exceptionally high accuracy and wide dynamic range. - ZVRE, ZVCE (bidirectional, 3 channels) - ZVR and ZVC : the universal modelsZVR and ZVC comprise a test set with two SWR bridges (ZVR) or directional couplers (ZVC),
4、 an RF switch, two measurement channels and - unlike ZVRE and ZVCE - two reference channels. With this configuration a variety of novel calibration procedures, eg TNA, can be performed, which considerably improve the accuracy particularly in non-coaxial applications. ZVR and ZVC are the allrounders
5、of the family and suitable for applications in R&D and production no matter how sophisticated.- ZVR, ZVC (bidirectional, 4 channels) - Test setsThe network analyzers can be provided with different test set options so that an optimally configured test setup is available to suit the applications.For t
6、he 4 GHz analyzers active or passive test sets with a characteristic impedance of 50 W or 75 W are available. A 50 W passive test set is standard equipment. With active test sets, the DUT can be biased directly via the inner conductor of the test port. The 8 GHz models ZVCE and ZVC are always equipp
7、ed with 50 W active test sets. Depending on the model, the test sets comprise one or two power splitters, an electronic switch and one or two SWR bridges or directional couplers. Additional step attenuators (0 dB to 70 dB, components marked red in the drawings below) can be inserted into the generat
8、or paths and the two measurement channels to extend the power range of the receivers to +27 dBm and to lower minimum output power to -95 dBm. When the test sets are fitted with attenuators and the External Measurements option (components marked green in the drawings below), generator and receiver ca
9、n be alternatively switched to three ports on the front panel (OUTPUT a1, INPUT b1, INPUT b2). This increases output power, sensitivity and dynamic range, and measurements down to 10 Hz can be performed with the 4 GHz models. In addition, the flexibility on external test sets, e.g. using an external
10、 pre-amplifier, is enhanced. The Reference Channel Ports (components marked blue in the drawings below) allow to feed the signal for the reference channel a1 from outside. This feature facilitates e.g. phase measurements on frequency converting devices. The test ports are fitted with female N connec
11、tors.OverviewThe vector network analyzers of the ZVR family from Rohde&Schwarz have set standards for extremely fast, highly accurate and versatile test equipment.The family comprises the five Vector Network Analyzers ZVRL, ZVRE and ZVR as well as ZVCE and ZVC which extend the frequency range to 8 G
12、Hz. All models are compact instruments with integrated generator, test set and receiver, each tailored to a different field of application.Thanks to the great variety of options and test sets, the analyzers can be tailored even to very special kinds of measurement tasks.In contrast to passive SWR br
13、idges/couplers active SWR bridges/couplers contain a bias network, eg for supplying amplifiers.ModelZVREZVRZVCEZVCTest setbidirectionalReceiver channels3434Wide frequency range10 Hz1) to 4 GHz20 kHz to 8 GHzWide dynamic range1)125 dB130 dB125 dB130 dBHigh sensitivity1)-125 dBm-130 dBm-125 dBm-130 dB
14、mHigh measurement speed125 s/pointFast IEC/IEEE bus215 msHigh frequency resolution10 HzShort calibration times3)130 dB (IF bandwidth 10 Hz) Low inherent noise-130 dBm (measurement bandwidth 3 kHz) Broad frequency range for universal use10 Hz to 4 GHz (ZVRE, ZVR)20 kHz to 8 GHz (ZVCE, ZVC) High measu
15、rement speed125 s/point (normalized)240 s/point (fully calibrated) Fast data transfer via IEC/IEEE busTransfer time 25 sweeps/s (200 points) Manual calibration techniquesTOM, TRM, TRL, TNA, TOM-X, TOSM Automatic calibration AutoKal Compatibility with PC, CAEInternal PC with Windows NT operating syst
16、em suitable for PC applicationsSpeed 25 sweeps/sThe extremely low-noise and fast synthesizer in conjunction with an exceptionally large measurement bandwidth of up t o 26 kHz al l ows real - time result display. The ZVx measures not in two subsequent sweeps but at every frequency point in forward an
17、d backward direction and thus all four S-parameters - including system error correction. This ensures real-time display of fully corrected data even during alignments with reduced sweep speeds. The dynamic range of ZVx is more than 95 dB even at a high measurement rate of 25 sweeps/s and 10 kHz meas
18、urement bandwidth.Dynamic range 130 dBThe high stopband and low passband attenuation of modern RF components place new demands on network analyzers. Thanks to fundamental mixing, the useful dynamic range of Rohde & Schwarz network analyzers is more than 25 dB better than with conventional sampling t
19、echniques. Because of the low-noise front end, Rohde & Schwarz network analyzers attain a dynamic range of 130 dB, so transmission measurements on DUTs with extremely high stopband attenuation can be performed with high accuracy, even at low input levels.Power calibration: testing active DUTsPower c
20、alibration performed in the factory enables constant output power and high accuracy in the measurement of absolute input level over the full frequency range. This is particularly important for frequency-converting measurements and non-linear measurements on active components. Furthermore, frequency-
21、dependent level variations of an external test setup can be measured and compensated with the aid of the Power Calibration option. Simultaneous display of four traces on the 26 cm colour LCDThe ZVx models are the first network analyzers in this price class to simultaneously display up to four measur
22、ement traces with independent parameters (measured quantity, frequency range, bandwidth, etc). The large, active colour LCD with high refresh rate allows precise alignments without operator fatigue.Internal PCThe network analyzers are equipped with a PC board including interfaces for keyboard, mouse
23、, printer, external monitor and WindowsNT as the operating system. In the PC mode, the internal hard disk can be accessed and PC programs executed on the ZVR. This function considerably simplifies operation, processing and result recording. The optional Ethernet link, the integration of any printer
24、driver and the execution of IEC/IEEE bus control programs on ZVR considerably extend the applicationrange and performance. Complete setups, traces, numerical results, limit lines, calibration data, macros and screenshots can be stored on the hard disk or on floppy disks. The available formats (e.g.
25、WMF, ASCII, Serenade.) allow problem-free import to Windows programs. The data can be processed in the ZVR with the aid ofthe internal PC.Automatic test systemsFast recording and processing of measured data and, in addition, an SCPI-conformal IEC/IEEE bus command set make all models of the ZVR famil
26、y ideal for use in automatic measurement systems. All models are equipped with two IEC/IEEE bus interfaces as standard. One is used for analyzer control via an external PC, the other for controlling external devices, e.g. signal sources for intermodulation or mixer measurements, from the ZVR. Anothe
27、r optional IEC/IEEE bus interface is provided for the internal PC. Via this interface, IEC/IEEE control programs can be executed on the internal PC, thus enabling the ZVR to control itself or complete test systems. The Ethernet option allows data exchange and control via LAN.Efficient calibration te
28、chniquesThe classic 12-term calibration method requires four calibration standards: Through, Open, Short and Match. The name TOSM given to this method is an abbreviation of the standards names. A number of other modern calibration methods (TOM, TRM, TRL, TNA) are also provided in ZVR and ZVC. Unlike
29、 TOSM (12-term) they require only three different standards. Additionally, lines (L), reflecting one-ports with unknown reflection coefficient (R), matched attenuators (A) and two-port networks (N) with symmetrical reflection can be used. Due to its simplicity, TOM is the method recommended for gene
30、ral applications. For calibration at frequencies up to 100 MHz it is noteven necessary to connect an open circuit, and the ports may simply be left open. Thus a complete two-port calibration can be performed with only two calibration standards. TOM allows also implicit verification so that errors ca
31、used by defective calibration kits or operating errors are excluded. This considerably enhances reliability in the laboratory and particularly in production.With on-wafer measurements, measurements on PCBs or in fixtures it is difficult to design or specify suitable calibration standards at justifia
32、ble effort. This problem can be solved with the TNA and TRM calibration methods developed and patented by Rohde& Schwarz. With these methods the characteristics of the calibration standards need not be fully known. With TNA, for instance, a full two-port calibration can be performed with two standar
33、ds: if reflection symmetry is provided at the reference planes, the calibration step with network (N) does not require a standard to be connected, the test ports can just be let open. Just a through (T) with known length and a matched attenuator (A) are required.The calibration effort is reduced to a minimum when the AutoKal option is used that requires only one simple through-connection.