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1、ANSI C63.5-2004 (Revision of ANSI C63.5-1998) IEEE Standards C63.5 American National Standard for Electromagnetic CompatibilityRadiated Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ControlCalibration of Antennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz) 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Accredited
2、by the American National Standards Institute Sponsored by the Accredited Standards Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, C63 IEEE Standards 20 December 2004 Print: SH95289 PDF: SS95289 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:25:37 UTC from IE
3、EE Xplore. Restrictions apply. ANSI C63.5-2004 (Revision of ANSI C63.5-1998) American National Standard for Electromagnetic CompatibilityRadiated Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ControlCalibration of Antennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz) Sponsor Accredited Standards Committee on Ele
4、ctromagnetic Compatibility, C63 Accredited by the American National Standards Institute Secretariat Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. Approved 24 June 2004 American National Standards Institute Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010
5、 at 16:25:37 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 20 December 2004. Printed in the
6、 United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1-978-750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University.
7、Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:25:37 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iv Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of ANSI C63.5-2004, American National Standard for Electromagnetic Compatibility Radiated Emission Measurements in Electromagne
8、tic Interference (EMI) ControlCalibration of Antennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz. ANSI C63.4-2001, American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Radio-Noise Emissions from Low-Voltage Electrical and Electronics Equipment in the Range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz, has undergone several revisions since the ori
9、ginal document covering methods of measurement was produced in 1940. Although many improvements were made in the standard from time to time, the reproducibility of measurements of radiated interference from one test site to another has not been completely satisfactory. In 1982 a concerted effort was
10、 organized in Subcommittee One of the Accredited Standards Committee C63 to determine how the technique could be improved. Evidence showed that the variability was due, in part, to inadequate (a) control of site ground plane conductivity, flatness, site enclosures, effects of surrounding objects, an
11、d certain other site construction features, (b) accounting for antenna factors, associated cabling, and balun and device under test characteristics, and (c) consideration of mutual coupling effects between the device under test and the receiving antenna and their images in the ground plane. Accordin
12、gly, ANSI C63.4 has been revised, and ANSI standards C63.5, C63.6, and C63.7 were prepared to provide additional information. This standard provides methods of calibration of antennas for use on the test site. In 1993 a concerted effort was begun to bring the Standard Site Method of ANSI C63.5 into
13、CISPR as the method of antenna calibration to be used in CISPR Publication 16. During the ensuing discussions, it became apparent that several features of ANSI C63.5 were not acceptable to the international community. In particular, calibration measurements at 3 m were unacceptable. Furthermore, whi
14、le ANSI C63.5 recommends that only horizontal polarization be used for antenna calibration, it included information on calibration using vertical polarization. This was considered ambiguous and unacceptable by CISPR Subcommittee A. During the use of ANSI C63.5 over the last several years a number of
15、 errors were discovered and these needed to be corrected. ANSI standards C63.2 and C63.4 specify antennas from 9 kHz to 30 MHz and from 1000 MHz to 40 GHz for which no calibration procedure was available in ANSI C63.5. Accordingly, ANSI C63.5 has been revised to eliminate those features that the int
16、ernational community found objectionable, and thus provides harmonization with international standards while allowing a US National deviation from those standards. This revision corrects errors which use of the standard has shown, and extends it to cover all of the antennas specified in ANSI standar
17、ds C63.2 and C63.4 from 9 kHz to 40 GHz. In 1999 a collaborative effort was organized in Subcommittee One of the Accredited Standards Committee C63 to determine how the technique could be improved. Evidence showed that significant errors are introduced into the NSA results when non-free space antenn
18、a factors of biconical dipole antennas are used for NSA testing. These errors are due, in part, to mutual coupling effects between the antennas and between the receiving antenna and the image of the transmitting antenna in the ground plane. Corrections for this occurrence are submitted for use with
19、biconical dipoles. An alternate measurement technique is also provided for other types of antennas. Minor editorial corrections have been made to this document. Participants At the time that the Accredited Standards Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, C63, approved this standard, it had the
20、following membership: Ralph M. Showers, Chair Donald N. Heirman, Vice-Chair Robert L. Pritchard, Secretary Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:25:37 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. v Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. Organizat
21、ion Represented Representative Alliance for Telecom Ind. Solutions (ATIS)C. Chrysanthou J. Turner ACILM. Violette W. Stumpf Amer. Radio Relay League (ARRL)D. Bodson E. Hare Curtis-Straus LLCJ. Curtis J. Stewart Dell, Inc.E. Bronaugh R. B. Wallen ETS - LindgrenM. Foegelle Z. Chen Federal Commun. Comm
22、ission (FCC)W. Hurst A. Wall Food and Drug AdministrationJ. Casamento J. L. Silbergerg Hewlett-PackardK. Hall Info. Tech. Industry Council - ITICJ. Hirvela J. Rosenberg IEEE (Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.)D. Heirman Inst. Elect. and Electronics Engrs. EMCSS. Berger D. Sweene
23、y Lucent TechnologiesD. Moogilan National Institute of Standards however, copies can be obtained from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704, USA, tel. (303) 792-2181 (http:/ 6 The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex J. Authorized license
24、d use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:25:37 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. ANSI C63.5-2004 RADIATED EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN EMI CONTROLCALIBRATION OF ANTENNAS (9kHz TO 40 GHz) 3 Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 3.6 ground plane: A conducting s
25、urface or plate used as a common reference point for circuit returns and electric or signal potentials. 3.7 ideal site: A test site on which the reflective surface is flat, level and has infinite conductivity and size. 3.8 measurement geometry: A specified polarization, separation distance, transmit
26、ting height, and receiving height(s) for a pair of antennas during their antenna factor measurement. 3.9 normalized site attenuation (NSA): Site attenuation divided by the free-space antenna factors of the transmitting and receiving antennas (all in linear units). Results can be stated in decibel un
27、its. 3.10 radiated emissions test site: A site with specified requirements suitable for measuring radio interference fields radiated by a device, equipment, or system under test. 3.11 site attenuation: The minimum relative insertion loss measured between two polarization-matched antennas located on
28、a test site when one antenna is moved vertically over a specified height range. 3.12 standard antenna calibration site: A site comprised of a flat, open-area, devoid of nearby scatterers such as trees, power lines, and fences, that has a large metallic ground plane (see ANSI C63.7-1992). 4. General
29、test conditions 4.1 Introduction This standard provides a means of measuring antenna factors for most types of antennas used in emissions testing. These antenna factors can be used for either vertically or horizontally polarized measurement at distances from the equipment under test of 3 m or more.
30、Table 1 provides an index of antenna type to measurement method. Free space antenna factors can be developed for biconical dipole antennas using Clause 5 and Annex G (see Table 1). Using the methods in Clause 5 and Annex G will provide more accurate results for biconical dipole antennas than the use
31、 of Clause 5 alone. See Annex F for additional information on the rationale of GSCF for biconical dipole antennas. Near free space antenna factors can be developed for broadband antennas using the methods specified in Table 1. Annex H provides a measurement procedure to determine GSCF for broadband
32、antennas. Annex H also provides the requirements for a reference site used to measure GSCFs for complex antennas or other broadband antennas where the GSCFs in annex G cannot be applied. The general test conditions for antenna calibration are described in 4.1 through 4.4. This standard also provides
33、 additional guidance on the estimation of measurement uncertainties in antenna calibrations. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:25:37 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. ANSI C63.5-2004 RADIATED EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN EMI CONTROLCALIBR
34、ATION OF ANTENNAS (9kHz TO 40 GHz) 4 Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. Table 1Calibration methods for antennas Antennas for Product Test Antennas for Normalized Site Attenuation Antenna Type Clause 5 Clause 5 + Annex G Clause 6 Clause 7 Clause 5 Clause 5 + Annex G Clause 6 Annex H Monopole X
35、 Tunable Dipole X X X X Biconical Dipole X X X X Log Periodic Array X X X X X Broadband Hybrid X X X Horn X X Other X 4.2 Calibration measurement geometry Accurate antenna calibrations require restrictions on measurement geometry. The antenna separation distance R shall be large enough to ensure tha
36、t near-field effects and antenna-to-antenna mutual coupling effects are minimized. Antenna heights (h1, h2) shall be great enough to minimize antenna-to-ground plane mutual impedance. The separation distance, R, between antennas shall be measured between points projected vertically from the antenna
37、to the ground plane. This is equivalent to the horizontal distance between antennas when the antennas are at the same height. For dipole and biconical dipole antennas, the separation distance shall be measured from the midpoint of the dipole elements. The separation distance between log-periodic arr
38、ay antennas shall be measured from the midpoint of the elements along the longitudinal axis of each antenna. For horn antennas, the separation distance shall be measured from the front face of the antennas. 4.3 Test site and instrumentation The test site used for antenna calibrations shall be within
39、 2dB of an ideal site when tested for site attenuation in accordance with C63.4-2001. The normalized site attenuation test shall be evaluated over a volume (e.g., as an alternate test site) for the measurement distances the site will use to calibrate antennas. Measurement instrumentation should be l
40、ocated beneath the ground plane or at least 20 meters from the edge of the ground plane to reduce site and system contributions to uncertainty (see Annex I). All test instrumentation including signal generators, radio noise meters, spectrum analyzers, tuned voltmeters, receivers, etc. shall have a n
41、ominal 50- impedance. Refer to ANSI C63.2-1996 or CISPR 16- 1-1 and CISPR 16-1-4 for radio noise meter specifications. An impedance mismatch at the output of signal sources or at the input of receivers, and at antennas may result in reflections that could cause antenna factor measurement errors. The
42、se errors can be minimized by the use of high-quality attenuators to provide a matched termination to the cable, which will reduce reflections due to mismatch. Attenuators should be used anytime the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the antenna exceeds 2:1.7 At least one attenuator should be pro
43、vided at the antenna end of the transmitting cable and one at the measuring instrument or pre-amplifier input. Additional attenuators at the receiving antenna and the signal source or amplifier may improve the measurement uncertainty (see Annex I for the formula to compute this error term). The sign
44、al sources should provide sufficient power to produce 7 CISPR 16-1-1, clause 5.5.5.2 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:25:37 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. ANSI C63.5-2004 RADIATED EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN EMI CONTROLCALIBRATION OF
45、 ANTENNAS (9kHz TO 40 GHz) 5 Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. a signal at the receiver input of at least 16 dB above the equivalent receiver noise at the receiver input. A signal plus noise-to-noise ratio of 16 dB reduces this error term to 0.11 dB, significantly below the expected measurem
46、ent uncertainty. This 0.11 dB must then be subtracted from the measured value. Power amplifiers may be used at the signal source output to raise the signal above both the ambient and receiver noise. See Annex I for further information on this minimum signal plus noise-to-noise ratio. Preamplifiers m
47、ay be used at the receiver input to raise both the signal and ambient above the receiver noise and meet this requirement. The source power amplifier and/or preamplifier gain requirements will depend upon receiver and/or preamplifier sensitivity, antenna factors, cable losses, ambient signal level an
48、d measurement distance. Care shall be taken to avoid overloading pre-amplifiers or receivers with signals that are close to or higher than their maximum allowed input. Filters may be used to prevent out-of-band signals from saturating a preamplifier or receiver. Lossy ferrite material shall be appli
49、ed to at least the first meter of both the transmitting and receiving antenna cables whenever dipole, biconical dipole or biconical hybrid antennas are calibrated, to serve as a common mode choke and to minimize induced currents on the cable shield from antenna coupling. It is preferable to use preamplifiers at the receiver input rather than power amplifiers at the source output, whenever possible. This will improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver, while minimizing the potential for interference with susceptible equi