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1、 AS 2758.62008 (Incorporating Amendment No. 1) Australian Standard Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes Part 6: Guidelines for the specification of armourstone AS 2758.62008 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee CE-012, Aggregates and Rock for Engineering Purposes. It was approv
2、ed on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 10 April 2008. This Standard was published on 30 June 2008. The following are represented on Committee CE-012: ARB Group Ltd AUSTROADS Australasian Railway Association Australasian Slag Association Australian Asphalt Pavement Association Australi
3、an Chamber of Commerce and Industry Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia Engineering and Construction Laboratories Association Institute of Quarrying Australia National Association of Testing Authorities Australia This Standard was issued in draft form
4、for comment as DR 06727. Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through the public comment period. Keeping Standards up-to-date Keeping Standards up-t
5、o-date Australian Standards are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important
6、 that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published. Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can be found by visiting www.standards.org.auwww.
7、standards.org.au Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at mailstandards.org.aumailstandards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001. T
8、he Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing AS 2758.62008 Australian Standard Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes Part 6: Guidelines for the specification of armourstone First published as AS 2758.62008. Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (March 2009). COPYRIGHT Standards Australia
9、 All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia ISBN 0 7337 8813 0 AS 2
10、758.62008 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee CE-012, Aggregates and Rock for Engineering Purposes. This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (March 2009). The changes required by the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number ag
11、ainst the clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected. This Standard is part of a series that covers specification of aggregates and rock, as follows: 2758 Aggregates and rocks for engineering purposes 2758.1 Part 1: Concrete aggregates 2758.2 Part 2: Aggregate for sprayed bituminous surfac
12、ing 2758.4 Part 4: Aggregate for gabion baskets and wire mattresses 2758.5 Part 5: Asphalt aggregates 2758.6 Part 6: Guidelines for the specification of armourstone 2758.7 Part 7: Railway ballast This Standard is a guideline document and is intended to be informative only. A1 The Standard is downloa
13、ded from Standard Sharing 3 AS 2758.62008 CONTENTS Page 1 SCOPE4 2 APPLICATION 4 3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS4 4 DEFINITIONS5 5 RESOURCE AVAILABILITY.5 6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.6 7 EXPOSURE RISK CLASSIFICATION .6 8 RESOURCE INVESTIGATION.7 9 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS.9 APPENDICES A MASS TO DIMENSION CONVERSIO
14、N FOR BOULDERS. 15 B COMMON DEFECTS IN ROCK MASS 31 AS 2758.62008 4 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes Part 6: Guidelines for the specification of armourstone 1 SCOPE This Standard provides designers and speci
15、fiers with a basis for developing the criteria for selection of natural, boulder-sized rock materials for use as armourstone on sea walls, harbour and river foreshores or dam walls. Armourstone boulders range from several kilograms up to many tonnes in mass. Dimensions of the armourstone may be the
16、defining design requirement. 2 APPLICATION These guidelines may form the basis of a works specification but cannot be used as a specification in themselves. The designer or specifier is presented with a series of considerations and alternative criteria from which to structure a project specification
17、; however, the criteria are deliberately conservative and may not be cost effective in some instances. The designer is in the position to determine whether criteria suggested apply to the project under consideration and whether the project environment would allow relaxation of suggested criteria. Th
18、e selection of test procedures and test limits will be determined by the design philosophy and the design life of the completed structure. For the purposes of these guidelines a design life of 40 years has been assumed. For many structures, where replacement of materials is practical, much shorter d
19、esign life cycles may be appropriate and lesser criteria may be successfully applied to the armourstone. For structures such as dams, a much longer design life may be required and the criteria will need to be adjusted accordingly. The works specification should specify all the tests and the limits a
20、ppropriate to the design application; however a distinction may be made between those requirements used for selection and evaluation of the source material and those requirements used for quality control of product during the execution of a supply contract. It may not be necessary to apply the full
21、range of tests during the execution of the contract. The frequency of testing should be detailed in the works specification. For legal purposes, only the works specification is binding and this document has no legal significance for contract purposes. 3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents a
22、re referred to in this Standard: AS 1141 Methods for sampling and testing aggregates 1141.1 Definitions 1141.2 Method 2: Basic testing equipment 1141.3.2 Method 3.2: SamplingRock spalls, boulders and drill core 1141.6.1 Method 6.1: Particle density and water absorption of coarse aggregate Weighing-i
23、n-water method 1141.22 Method 22: Wet/dry strength variation The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing 5 AS 2758.62008 www.standards.org.au Standards Australia AS 1141.23 Method 23: Los Angeles value 1141.24 Method 24: Aggregate soundnessEvaluation by exposure to sodium sulphate solution 114
24、1.26 Method 26: Secondary minerals content in basic igneous rocks 1726 Geotechnical site investigations 2758 Aggregates and rocks for engineering purposes 2758.1 Part 1: Concrete aggregates 2758.4 Part 4: Aggregate for gabion baskets and wire mattresses ASTM C295 Standard Guide for Petrographic Exam
25、ination of Aggregates for Concrete BS 6349 Maritime structures 6349-1 Part 1: Code of Practice for general criteria 6349-7 Part 7: Guide to the design and construction of breakwatersSection 4 Rubble mound structures EN 13383 Armourstone 13383-1 Part 1: Specification 13383-2 Part 2: Test methods 4 DE
26、FINITIONS For the purposes of this Standard the definitions in AS 1141.1, AS 1726 and AS 2758.1 and those below apply: 4.1 Armourstone Rock of sufficient strength and durability for applications requiring boulders ranging in mass from several kilograms to many tonnes. Boulder mass and dimensions are
27、 dependent on the structure and location in the structure being designed. 4.2 Rock durability The ability of a rock to retain its physical and mechanical properties whilst resisting degradation in use through the design life of the structure in which the rock is incorporated. 4.3 Rock mass defects T
28、hose features in the source rock that will result in splitting or fracturing of the rock during extraction or the armourstone in service (see Note). Such features may include joints, bedding planes, sheared planes, cleavage and fracturing caused by blasting and handling. NOTE: It is important to ide
29、ntify existing and potential defects in the quarried boulders. 4.4 Rock strength The measured breaking stress of a small rock specimen subjected to compressive or tensile forces. NOTE: The measured strength may be affected by small scale rock defects (such as cleavage and jointing) in which case the
30、 test may be used to identify the strength of the defect and provide guidance on the strength of the rock mass, including defects. 5 RESOURCE AVAILABILITY Armourstone is an occasional, low volume product from traditional quarry resources. Knowledge of the product, and its production, specification a
31、nd availability is limited in the civil construction industry. A1 AS 2758.62008 6 Standards Australia www.standards.org.au The presence of quarries within an acceptable transport distance of a proposed project should not be taken by itself as an indication of supply capability without consideration
32、of all other requirements. Often quarries that are quite capable of supplying durable aggregate in compliance with other parts of AS 2758 will be incapable of producing armourstone. Limitations may be the result of rock mass defects, lack of specialized equipment at the quarry for handling large bou
33、lders, inability or reluctance to modify quarry blasting or other extraction processes necessary for the production of armourstone, or lack of suitable transport or transport access for moving the armourstone from source to project. The designer should be aware of these limitations, which may mean t
34、hat armourstone will not provide the most cost effective method of wave and scour protection. 6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Armourstone is typically used in self-supporting mass gravity structures. Usually the armourstone is provided for scour or wave protection and at least part of the structure is subme
35、rged or may be expected to be submerged at some time in the structures life. Structures may be designed for a variety of conditions; however, a 1 in 100 year flood or storm situation would not be uncommon. For these reasons armourstone is typically specified by determining the buoyant mass necessary
36、 to withstand the current or storm energy predicted for the design case and still maintain integrity of the structure. The designer may recognise zones in the structure that may never be submerged or which will always be protected from scour or wave action and may chose to assign a lower level of ri
37、sk and/or different material requirements to these zones. The designer may revise the material specifications based on whole of life costing, where it may be possible to use a lower quality available resource where the proposed structure is of a temporary nature or is capable of rapid and easy repla
38、cement of material that loses dimensional integrity. 7 EXPOSURE RISK CLASSIFICATION The risk to a well-designed armourstone structure during its service life is associated with the loss of dimension of the boulders. Once the boulders are reduced below the critical size determined by the design energ
39、y levels, the structure will lose stability caused by removal of boulders under high-energy conditions. Table 1 presents one scheme of performance classification based on exposure conditions and whether or not the designer intends that material in the structure to be replaced at regular intervals. T
40、hese categories are related to assessment of the armourstone (see Clauses 8 and 9) and its ability to withstand environmental conditions without significant loss of size. Other classification criteria may be used to assess performance requirements, but eventually any scheme must relate to the dimens
41、ional stability of the armourstone. The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing 7 AS 2758.62008 www.standards.org.au Standards Australia TABLE 1 RISK CLASSIFICATION Maintenance Exposure No maintenance Minor repairs expected at irregular intervals Regular repairs of significant quantities expec
42、ted Salt water intertidal and splash zone High energy High High Moderate Salt water immersion High energy High High Moderate Salt water immersion or intertidal Low energy Moderate Moderate Moderate Freshwater immersion High energy Moderate Moderate Low Freshwater periodic immersion Low energy Modera
43、te Low Low Freshwater occasional wetting and no immersion Low Low Low NOTE: Design life: Clause 2 suggests that design lives of 40 years are assumed and that for more critical structures, designers may contemplate strengthening material requirements. It should be noted that rock resources with prope
44、rties better than those listed in Section 9 for high performance applications are very rare. For these special applications, materials other than rock armourstone may need to be considered. 8 RESOURCE INVESTIGATION 8.1 General With the exception of very small projects using limited quantities of sma
45、ll boulders, an investigation of available resources within an economic transport radius of the project site is highly recommended. Such an investigation should be conducted early in the design phase, particularly if material may have to be recovered from a new site. In this instance, the time requi
46、red for diamond drilling programs and for obtaining necessary environmental consents is extensive and certainly not assured of success. The designer or specifier needs to be aware that rock properties and rock types vary enormously over the earths surface. Consequently, a design boulder size may not
47、 be available within hundreds of kilometres of a given project even though numerous rock quarries may exist near the project site. Resource investigations should be conducted following the guidelines of AS 1726. NOTE: Resource investigation may be reduced or avoided where a resource has previously b
48、een used for comparable projects to the project under consideration and records exist of satisfactory performance. Under these circumstances it may only be necessary to confirm availability of rock of suitable quality. 8.2 Rock type and mineralogy Preliminary design estimates of boulder size and ris
49、k classification coupled with a review of regional geological maps and knowledge of regional quarry resources will enable a significant reduction in the scope of the resources investigation. Armourstone is most likely to be recovered from massive rock of igneous or high-grade thermal metamorphic origin. Regional metamorphic rocks are prone to cleavage and foliation, which may eliminate them from consideration. A1 A1 AS 2758.62008 8 Standards Australia www.