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1、AS 27631988 Australian Standard VIBRATION AND SHOCK HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATIONGUIDELINES FOR MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN EXPOSURE Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee AV/10, Vibration and Shock Human Effects. It was appro
2、ved on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on 1 August 1988 and published on 3 October 1988. The following interests are represented on Committee AV/10: Association of Australian Acoustical Consultants Australian Coal Association Australian Environment Council Confederati
3、on of Australian Industry Construction Equipment Importers and Manufacturers of Australia CSIRO, National Measurement Laboratory Department of Defence Department of Industrial Relations and Employment, N.S.W. Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries National Acoustic Laboratories Railways of Austral
4、ia Committee Royal Institution of Naval Architects University of Newcastle Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important the
5、refore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the m
6、agazine The Australian Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notificat
7、ion of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 87291. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 AS 27631
8、988 Australian Standard VIBRATION AND SHOCK HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATIONGUIDELINES FOR MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN EXPOSURE First published as AS 27631985. Second edition 1988. PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 0 7262
9、5245 X Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 AS 276319882 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Associations Committee on Vibration and ShockEffects, to supersede AS 2763-1985, Vibration and shockHand-transmitted vibrationMeasurementand medical screening. It is aligned with IS
10、O 5349, Mechanical vibrationGuidelines for the measurement and the assessment of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration. The revised Standard incorporates guidelines for the evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration exposure in Appendix A. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.2APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.3REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 SECTION 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATION 2.1GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.2DIRECTION OF VIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.3MAGNITUDE OF VIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 2.4MEASUREMENT OF HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATION . . . .6 SECTION 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATION EXPOSURE 3.1DAILY EXPOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3.2MULTI-AXIS VIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、 . . . . . . .8 3.3CONVERSION OF ONE-THIRD AND OCTAVE BAND DATA TO WEIGHTED ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3.4VIBRATION ACCELERATION LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 APPENDICES AGUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION OF HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBRATION EXPOSURE . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 BMEDICAL SCREENING AND ADVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 CopyrightSTANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and exc
16、ept where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payme
17、nt. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Stan
18、dard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia. Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs. Care should be t
19、aken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used
20、commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 3AS 27631988 FOREWORD Intense vibration can be transmitted from vibrating t
21、ools, vibrating machinery or vibrating workpieces to the hands and arms of operators. Such situations occur, for example, when a person handles pneumatic and electric handtools and in forestry work when a person handles chainsaws. These vibrations are usually transmitted through the hand and arm to
22、the shoulder. Depending on the situation, they can be transmitted to one arm only or to both arms simultaneously. The vibration of body parts and the perceived vibration are frequently the source of discomfort and possibly reduced proficiency. Continued, habitual use of many vibrating tools has been
23、 found to be connected with various patterns of diseases affecting the blood vessels, nerves, bones, joints, muscles, or connective tissues of the hand and forearm. The vibration exposures required to cause these disorders are not known exactly with respect to vibration intensity and the vibration f
24、requency spectrum or with respect to daily exposure time and the total exposure period. Collection of reliable data on how vibration exposure affects human health has proved to be extremely difficult for many reasons. In view of the complexity of the problem and the paucity of quantitative data conc
25、erning the occupational health effect of hand-transmitted vibration, it is difficult to propose a firm Standard regarding the evaluation of such vibration and to recommend limits for safe exposure, particularly in relationship to problems other than vibration white finger (VWF). In view of the compl
26、exity of the problem and the shortage of quantitative data concerning the occupational health effect of hand-transmitted vibration, it is difficult to propose a comprehensive method for assessing vibration exposure. However, based on the limited data available and on experience with current exposure
27、 conditions, the information in this Standard represents the best guidance available to protect the majority of workers against serious health impairment and to assist in the development of hand-operated tools the use of which will reduce the risk of vibration induced disorders. COPYRIGHT Accessed b
28、y UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 AS 276319884 STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Australian Standard VIBRATION AND SHOCKHAND-TRANSMITTEDVIBRATION GUIDELINES FOR MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN EXPOSURE SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE. This Standard sets out general methods f
29、ormeasuringandreportinghand-transmitted vibration exposure in three orthogonal axes for the one-third octave bands having centre frequencies from 6.3 Hz to 1250 Hz, for octave bands having centre frequencies from 8 Hz to 1000 Hz, and for a frequency-weighted measure covering the frequency range from
30、 5.6 Hz to 1400 Hz. This Standard provides guidance for the evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration specified in terms of a frequency-weighted vibration acceleration and daily exposure time. It does not define the limits of safe exposure. This guidance is derived from a consensus of opinion based u
31、pon data available from both practical experience and laboratory experimentation concerninghumanresponsetohand-transmitted vibration. Itcannot be taken to define completely safe exposure ranges in which vibration diseases cannot occur. This Standard does not specify the risk factor of health impairm
32、ent for different operational processes, tools, and machines. NOTE: Reference should be made to AS 2973 for information related to vibration-measuring instrumentation. 1.2APPLICATION.This Standard applies to periodic and to random or non-periodic vibration. Provisionally, this Standard may also be a
33、pplied to repeated shock type excitation. NOTE: To facilitate further progress in this field and to allow the quantitative comparison of exposure data, uniform methods for measuring and reporting exposureof human beings to hand-transmitted vibration are desirable. Additional Standards are to be cons
34、idered for the vibration measurement of specific tools and processes. Appendix A provides guidelines for the evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration exposures. Appendix B outlines measures that should be adopted to medically screen people who are either involved or propose becoming involved with ha
35、nd-transmitted vibration in their occupation. This Appendix also explains some techniques that willnormally be useful in reducing the severity of hand-transmitted vibration and the incidence of vibration-induced physiological signs of damage to the hands. 1.3REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.The docu- ments belo
36、w are referred to in this Standard. AS 2670VibrationandshockGuidetothe evaluationofhumanexposureto whole-body vibration 2775Vibration and shockMechanical mounting of accelerometers 2973VibrationandshockHumanresponse vibration-measuring instrumentation Z41Octave, half octave and one-third octave band
37、 pass filters intended for the analysis of sound and vibrations IEC 184Methods for specifying the characteristics of electro-mechanical transducers for shock and vibration measurements 222Methods for specifying the characteristics ofauxiliaryequipmentforshockand vibration measurement ISO 5805Mechani
38、cal vibration and shock affecting manVocabulary DIS 5347Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock pick-ups 8041Humanresponsevibrationmeasuring instrumentation COPYRIGHT Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 5AS 27631988 SECTION 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF HAND-TRANSMITTED VIBR
39、ATION 2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 2.1.1Influences.The severity of the biological effects of hand-transmitted vibration in working conditions is influenced by (a) the frequency spectrum of vibration; (b) the magnitude of vibration; (c) the duration of exposure per working day; (d) the temporalexposur
40、epatternand working method, i.e. the length and frequency of work and rest spells, whether the tool is laid aside or held idling during breaks, etc; (e) the cumulative exposure to date; (f)the magnitude and direction of forces applied by the operator through his hands to the tool or the workpiece; (
41、g) the posture of the hand, arm, and body position during exposure (angles of wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints); (h) the type and condition of vibrating machinery, handtool, or workpiece; and (j)the area and location of the parts of the hands which are exposed to vibration. 2.1.2Likely influences.T
42、he severity of the biological effects of hand-transmitted vibration in working conditions may be influenced by (a) the direction of the vibration transmitted to the hand; (b) the method of working and the operators skill; and (c)any predisposing factors in the individuals health. 2.1.3Factors affect
43、ing circulation changes. The followingfactorsmayspecificallyaffectthe circulation changes caused by hand-arm vibration: (a)Climatic conditions. (b) Diseases which affect the circulation. (c)Agents affecting the peripheral circulation, such as smoking, long term alcoholuse, certain medicines,orchemic
44、alsintheworking environment. (d) Noise. 2.1.4Reporting of vibration exposure. Although the importance of all the factors listed with respect to the generation of vibration disorders is not yet known insufficientdetail,reportingof allfactorsis considered desirable in order to enable the collection of
45、 meaningful exposure histories. It is also important that the measurement procedure and the statistical techniques used to evaluate the vibration data be reported. NOTE: A brief description/summary of chronic and acute signs, symptoms and biological effects of hand transmitted vibration (see Appendi
46、x B) should be included in the report. 2.2 DIRECTION OF VIBRATION. The directions of vibration transmitted to the hand shouldbe reported inthe appropriate directions of an orthogonal co-ordinate system as suggested in Figure 2.1. NOTES: 1.The origin of the biodynamic coordinate system is deemed to l
47、ie in the head of the third metacarpal with the zhaxis defined as the intersection of the orthogonal planes xh, zh, and yh, in which the plane xh, zhlies vertical to the palm of the hand and passes through the origin and the capitulum of humerus, and the other plane yh, zhpasses horizontally through
48、 the longitudinal axis of the third metacarpal bone. The basicentric coordinate system has the origin located in the surface of the cylindrical bar with the plane yh, xhparallel to the bar axis and the biodynamic axis xh. When the hand is gripping a cylindrical handle, this system may rotate so that
49、 the yhaxis is parallel to the axis of the handle. 2.The coordinate system is intended to apply to hand configurations other than those shown in the Figure above. FIGURE 2.1 COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR THE HAND COPYRIGHT Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 12 Mar 2007 AS 276319886 For vibration measurements, the orientation of the coordinate system may be defined with reference to an appropriate basicentric coordinate system (see Figure 2.1) originating, for example, in a vibrating appliance,workpiece,handle,or controldevice gripped by the hand. NOTE: Curren