《BS 2600 PART 2-1973焊缝的无损检验.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《BS 2600 PART 2-1973焊缝的无损检验.pdf（15页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、BSI BS*2b00 PART*2 73 1 Lh2qbb9 0057156 T BS 2600 : Part 2 : 1973 UDC 669.146.621.791.053.6 : 620.179.15 British Standard Radiographic examination of fusion welded butt joints in steel Part 2. Methods for steel over 50 mm up to and including 200 mm thick British Standards Institution Copyright by th
2、e British Standards Institution Wed Nov 10 16:34:21 1999 This British Sfandard, having been approved by the Welding Industry Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 22 October, 1973. British Standards Institution, 1973 Fiist published, March 1955 First revisi
3、on, December 1962 Second revision, October 1973 ISBN: 0 580 07601 6 British Standards Institution Incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI is the independent national body for the preparation of British Standards. It is the UK mcmber of the International Organization for Standardization and UK sponsor of
4、the British National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Copyright Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all BSI publications, No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of BSI. This does nof
5、preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols and six, type or grade designations. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publications Manager, British Standards Institution, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE. The number for telephone enquir
6、ies is 0908 320033 and for telex 825777. Contract requirements A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for thcir correct application. Revision of British Standards British Standards are revised, when necess
7、ary, by the issue either of amendments or of revised editions. It is important that users of British Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or editions. Information on all BSI publications is in the BSI Catalogue, supplemented each month by BSI News which is
8、available to subscribing members of the Institution and gives details of new publications, revisions, amendments and withdrawn standards. Any person who, whcn making use of a British Standard, encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity, is requested to notify BSI without delay in order that the matter ma
9、y be investigated and appropriate action taken. The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference WEE134 Draft for comment 71140749 Cooperating organizations The Welding Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, cons
10、ists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations: Aluminium Federation *Associated Offices Technical Committee Association of Consulting Engineers Britlsh Constructional Steelwork Association *British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers As
11、sociation British Railways Soard *British Steel Industry Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations Department of Employment Department of Trade and Industry Department of Trade and Industry, National Engineering Laboratory Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Electrical Engin
12、eers Institution of Mechanical Engineers Institution of Production Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers *Lloyds Register of Shipping London Transport Executive Ministry of Defence *Ministry of Defence, Navy Department *Shipbuilders and Repairers National Association *Society of British Aero
13、space Companies Limited *Welding Institute The Government department and scientific and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: British Nationa
14、l Committee for Non-destructive National Coal Board Testing Non-destructive Testing Society of Great Britain Electricity Council, the Central Electricity Process Plant Association Generating Board and the Area Boards in Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders England and Wales Society of Non-dest
15、ructive Examination Engineering Equipment Users Association United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Institute of Physics and the Physical Society Water-tube Boilermakers Association Ministry of Defence, Army Department Individual firm :opyright by the British Standards Institution led Nov 10 16:34:4l
16、 1999 BSI BS*2bOO PART* 73 1 Lb2LIbb7 0057158 3 1 BS 2600 : Part 2 : October 1973 UDC 669.146:621.791.053.6:620.179.15 British Standard Radiographic examination of fusion welded butt joints in steel Part 2. Methods for steel over 50 mm up to and including 200 mm thick Amendments issued since publica
17、tion Amd. No, - June 1977 Incorporated in this reprint by a line in the margin Date of issue British Standards Institution - 2 Park Street London WIA 2BS Telephone 01 -629 9000 Telex 266933 Text affected Copyright by the British Standards Institution Wed Nov 10 16:34:42 1999 _ BSI BS*2bOO PART#2 73
18、1 Lb24bb7 0057357 5 1 BS 2600 : Part 2 : 1973 Contents Page Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Foreword Methods 1. Scope 2. Equipment and range of application 3. Type of film 4. Protection 5. Surface condition 6. Weld image location 7. Identification of radiographs 8. Marking 9. Density o
19、f radiograph 10. Image quality indicators 11. lntensifying screens 12. Cassettes 13. Focus-to-film distance 14. Object-film distance 15. Alignment of X-ray or gamma-ray beam 16. Overlap of film 17. Interception of unwanted and scattered radiation 18. Processing 19. Viewing Appendix A. Explanatory in
20、formation on the techniques Tables I. Types of equipment 2. Intensifying screens 3. Minimum focus-to-film distances Figure 1. I.Q.I. sensitivity values for different types of equipment Fore! Page 9 3 6 7 11 Both the 1955 and 1962 editions of this standard were published in the form of General recomm
21、endations, but now that radiographic practice has become so established this revised version is wiitten in the mandatory form. The revision was undertaken for several reasons : to introduce metric units, to implement relevant IS0 Recommendations and to take account of technical developments that hav
22、e occurred since the previous edition. Consequently, the standard has been divided into two parts, not only to align with the thickness division adopted in the IS0 Recommendations, but also to allow more definitive requirements to be given in Part 2 for the greater thicknesses, There is only a limit
23、ed number of types of equipment suitable for this work (e.g. thereare no oommercial X-ray sets operating between 400kV and 1000 kV). Therefore the available equipment has been arranged into a number of groups, and techniques are detailed which are suitable for the production of satisfactory radiogra
24、phs from the equipment in each group, but no indication is given of when a particular technique should be used. The extent of radiographic examination that should be applied and standards of acceptance are not specified as both of these aspects should be covered in the appropriate application standa
25、rd or be agreed between the contracting parties. The explanatory information in Appendix A amplifies and, in some instances, gives the reasons underlying what is stated in this standard. pyright by the British Standards Institution a NOV la 1s:sa:a 1999 BS 2600 : Part 2 : 1973 British Standard Radio
26、graphic examinat ion of fusion welded butt joints in steel Part 2. Methods for steel over 50 mm up to and including 200 mm thick Methods 1. Scope This British Standard deals with methods for the radiographic examination of fusion welded butt joints in steel over 50 mm up to and including 200 mm thic
27、k. The techniques have many features in common and the major differences lie in (1) the type of equipment used, (2) the type of film used. No attempt is made to define which equipment shall be used for any particular application because this is a matter for agreement between the contracting parties.
28、 NOTE. The titles of the British Standards referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2; Equipment and range of application Table 1 shows the types of equipment which are known to be commercially available and indicates the steel thicknesses (within the range covered by this s
29、tandard) for which the equipment is considered to be suitable for the inspection of butt joints. Table 1. Types of equipment Group Description of equipment X-rays : up to 400 kV X-rays : 1 and 3 MV, focus size 4mm X-rays : linear accelerator, 3-8 MV X-rays : betatrons and linear accelerators, 8-35 M
30、V Gamma rays, Cobalt 60 Gamma rays, Iridium 192 Useful thickness * For the 3 MV equipments, the maximum thickness can be extended to 200 mm. .j. These thicknesses may be reduced to 60 mm if ultra-fine-grain films are used and a density of 3.0 is reached. $ The upper end of the thickness range can on
31、ly be achieved with either very high strength sources or very long exposure times. Copyright by the British Standards Institution Wed Nov 10 16:34:43 1999 BS 2600 : Part 2 : 1973 3. Type of film The film used shall be one of the types known as ultra-fine-grain or finesgrain direct-type film. NOTE 1.
32、 The type of film used with metal intensifying screens is known both as non-screen and as direct-type film. I NOTE 2. BS 5230 explains how industrial film speed and contrast are measured. Undl measurements based on that standard are available the type of film should be agreed between the contracting
33、 parties. . . . Kodak Gevaert Dupont ultra-finegrain high-contrast lndustrex M D2 4 5 lndustrex T D4 55 fine-grain high-contrast lndustrex A - 65 lndustrex C D7 75 medium-speed lndustrex D - - This grouping of films under the various types does not mean that they are identical; it merely indicates w
34、hich films come within the groupings. For a film not Usted above, the appropriate grouping should be agreed between the contracting parties. 4. Protection Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma rays can be injurious. It is essential that whenever X-ray equipment or radioactive sou
35、rces are in use, adequate precautions shall be taken to protect the radiographer and others in the vicinity. NOTE. It should be noted that the use of X-ray equipment and gamma radiography in factories, on sites and in certain other premises and works coming within the scope of the Factories Act 1961
36、 is currently controlled by the Ionising Radiations (Sealed Sources) Regulations 1969 and Radioactive Substances Act 1960. In the near future, the 1969 Regulations will be replaced by Ionising Radiations Regulations which will control all uses of X-rays and gamma rays for radiographic purposes. In a
37、ddition there may be local regulations and requirements which need to be taken into consideration. Some radiographic equipment recommendations are specified in BS 5650. Advice on radiation safety may be obtained from the National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX1 1 ORQ. 5. Sur
38、face condition In order to obtain maximum flaw sensitivity, the part of the work to be examined shall be smooth and free from irregularities such as weld ripples and grinding or chipping marks. The contour of the weld surface shall be smooth and any change in section shall be gradual. By agreement b
39、etween the contracting parties, the weld may be examined in the as-welded condition. Temporary backing should be removed prior to radiography. If the above conditions cannot be met the expedients described in A.2 may be used by agreement between the contracting parties. 6. Weld image location Marker
40、s, usually in the form of lead arrows or other symbols, shall be placed alongside, but clear of, the outer edges of the weld to identify its position. 7. Identification of radiographs Each section of weld radiographed shall have suitable symbols affixed to identify (1) the job or work piece (2) the
41、joint (3) the section of the joint. The symbols, consisting of lead letters or numerals, shall be positioned so that their images appear in the radiograph to ensure unequivocal identification of the section. :opyright by the British Standards Institution led Nov 10 16:34:44 1999 BSI BS*EJbOU PART*2
42、73 LbZ4bb7 0057362 5 BS 2600 : Part 2 : 1973 8. Marking In general, permanent marking of the workpiece shall be used to provide reference points for the accurate re-location of the position of each radiograph. Where the nature of the material and its service conditions render stamping undesirable, o
43、ther suitable means of marking shall be used. 9. Density of radiograph In the image of the length of weld under examination, the film density corresponding to the sound weld metal shall be not less than 2.0 and not greater than 3.0, unless special arrangements are made for the adequate viewing of hi
44、gher density film. These values are inclusive of the fog density* of not greater than 0.3. (See also A.3.) 10. Image quality indicators The use of an Image Quality Indicator (I.Q.I.), otherwise known as a penetrameter, provides a guide to the quality of the radiographic technique used. An I.Q.I. of
45、one of the types recommended in BS 3971 shall be used, with dimensions appropriate to the thickness of the weld. The method of assessing the radiographic sensitivity shall be that described in BS 3971. If the surface of the weld facing the source of radiation is inaccessible for placement of an LQ.1
46、. the following procedure may be used. Place the I.Q.I. on the film side of the specimen and place the letters F.S. next to it. Set up a test weld of the same dimensions as the weld to be examined and on which 1.Q.I.s can be placed on both source and film sides. Take a reference radiograph of this t
47、est weld using the same technique as will be used on the production weld. Use the source side I.Q.I. to achieve the contractual sensitivity, and, for correlation with the radiographic sensitivity for production welds, record the corresponding sensitivity on the film side I.Q.I. When the I.Q.1, is on
48、 the film side, the sensitivity data given in BS 3971 do not apply and the I . Q . I . readings are of little value in checking the quality of the radiographic technique. Guidance on I.Q.I. sensitivity values for different types of I.Q.I. is given in Fig. 1. NOTE 1. With identical radiographic techn
49、iques the numerical value of the I.Q.I. sensitivity will generally be different for different types of I.Q.I. NOTE 2. I.Q.I. sensitivity is a means by which the quality of radiographic techniques may be compared and is not a measure of flaw sensitivity. The latter is a complex function of the geometry, absorption and location of the flaw. * Density of a processed unexposed film. Copyright by the British Standards Institution Wed Nov 10 16:34:45 1999 B S I B S * 2 6 0 0 PARTx2 73 D Lb24bb7 0 0 5 7 L b 3 7 1 BS 2600 : Part 2 : 1973 11. Intensifying screens Intensifying screens