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1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1998. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-55937-986-3 No part of thi
2、s publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std 1128-1998 IEEE Recommended Practice for Radio-Frequency (RF) Absorber Evaluation in the Range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz Sponsor Standards Committee of
3、 the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Approved 13 January 1998 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: Realistic and repeatable criteria, as well as recommended test methods, for characteriz- ing the absorption properties of typical anechoic chamber linings applied to a metallic surface are describ
4、ed. Parameters and test procedures are described for the evaluation of RF absorbers to be used for radiated emissions and radiated susceptibility testing of electronic products, in the ab- sorber manufacturer and/or absorber user environment, over the frequency range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz. Keywords: an
5、echoic chamber, radiated emissions, RF absorber, semianechoic chamber Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:35:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordi-
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18、Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.iii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1128-1998, IEEE Recommended Practice for Radio-Frequency (RF) Absorber Evaluation in the Range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz. Interest in materials that absorb radio-frequency energy
19、has existed for many years. The recent increased regulation of sources of radio waves and equipment immunity levels has led to the need for a more accurate determination of electromagnetic field intensity. As modern measuring antennas and receivers have increased measurement accuracy, the problem of
20、 making accurate measurements in less than optimum open- area test sites has become a more important part of the overall measurement procedures. The practice of placing absorbing materials on the walls and ceilings of measuring sites to reduce reflections from these sur- faces has become common. Cla
21、ims for the efficacy of various absorbing materials, however, have led to conflicting reports in the literature, which confuse many potential purchasers of absorbing material. An effort to end that confusion led to the development of a draft recommended practice in 1986. Following sev- eral years of
22、 work, the current recommended practice was developed. At the time this recommended practice was completed, the working group had the following membership: Jose Perini, Chair Anatoly Tsailovich, Vice ChairFerdy Mayer, Secretary The following individuals have contributed reviews and comments and have
23、 attended meetings: The following persons were on the balloting committee: Paul Anderson Edwin L. Bronaugh Frederic J. Broyde Donald E. Clark Larry S. Cohen William E. Cory Heinrich Garn David Giangiulli Franz Gisin Diethard Hansen H. R. Hofmann Motohisa Kanda Keneth K. Kimura James C. Klouda Brian
24、F. Lawrence Ming-Chiang Li Kefeng Liu L. Van De Looverbosch Atsuya Maeda Luc Martens William H. McGinnis Walter D. McKerchar Fernando Mendoza John D. Osburn Barry Pate Ghery S. Petit Hugo Pues Scott Roleson Gabriel A. Sanchez Verner Schaefer James R. Stidman Randy Anderson J. P. Chaumat Tim DArcange
25、lis Hugh W. Denny Michael Foegelle Tim Harrington Grahme Harveyu Donald N. Heirman John Howard Edward F. Kuester Robert Martens D. Mc Nulty Monika Neufingeri Detlef Ristan M. Sekimoto Shrish Shah K. Shinada James Royal Gary F. E. Vrooman Donald A. Weber Stephen H. Berger Edwin L. Bronaugh Frederic J
26、. Broyde Joseph E. Butler Donald E. Clark William E. Cory Hugh W. Denny Heinrich Garn Donald N. Heirman Daniel D. Hoolihan Atsuya Maeda Ferdy Mayer John D. Osburn Jose Perini Ghery Pettit A. Piper J. H. Pluck Scott Roleson David Seabury Ralph M. Showers Donald L. Sweeney David L. Traver Graham Wilso
27、n Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:35:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. ivCopyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. The final conditions for approval of this recommended paractice were met on 13 January 1998. This recom- mended pr
28、actice was conditionally approved by the IEEE Standards Board on 9 December 1997, with the following membership: Donald C. Loughry, ChairRichard J. Holleman, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Agga
29、rwal Alan H. Cookson Clyde R. Camp Stephen L. Diamond Harold E. Epstein Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* Thomas F. Garrity Donald N. Heirman Jim Isaak Ben C. Johnson Lowell Johnson Robert Kennelly E. G. “Al” Kiener Joseph L. Koepfinger* Stephen R. Lambert Lawrence V. McCall L. Bruce McClung Marco
30、 W. Migliaro Loius-Franois Pau Gerald H. Peterson John W. Pope Jose R. Ramos Ronald H. Reimer Ingo Rsch John S. Ryan Chee Kiow Tan Howard L. Wolfman Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:35:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright 1
31、998 IEEE. All rights reserved.v Contents 1.Introduction 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Applications. 1 2.References 2 3.Definitions and acronyms 2 3.1 Definitions . 2 3.2 Acronyms. 4 4.Measurement instrumentation 5 4.1 Spectrum analyzers 5 4.2 Spectrum analyzer and tracking generator. 8 4.3 Electromagnetic inter
32、ference (EMI) receiver 11 4.4 Vector network analyzers 13 4.5 Scaler network analyzers. 13 4.6 Vector voltmeter 14 4.7 Time-domain reflectometer . 15 4.8 EMC antennas 16 5.Test environment parameter guidelines. 17 6.Material bulk-parameter evaluation. 17 6.1 Background 18 6.2 Bulk-parameter measurem
33、ent procedures . 21 7.Evaluation of the reflectivity of RF absorbers. 26 7.1 Background 26 7.2 RF absorber reflectivity measurement procedures 28 8.RF absorber performance in ATS, ALC, and semianechoic absorber-lined chambers (SALC). 49 8.1 Background 49 8.2 ATS and ALC measurement procedure. 50 8.3
34、 Semianechoic chamber measurement procedure. 55 9.Test reports 57 9.1 Test report content. 57 9.2 Test report disposition . 57 10.Bibliography 57 Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:35:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright 1998
35、 IEEE. All rights reserved.1 IEEE Recommended Practice for Radio-Frequency (RF) Absorber Evaluation in the Range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope The purpose of this recommended practice is to recommend realistic and repeatable criteria, as well as rec- ommended test methods, to characte
36、rize the absorption properties of typical anechoic chamber linings applied to a metallic surface. This recommended practice covers the parameters and test procedures for the evaluation of radio-frequency (RF) absorbers to be used for radiated emissions and radiated susceptibility testing of electron
37、ic products, in the absorber manufacturer and/or absorber user environment, over the fre- quency range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz. The recommended methods approach the RF absorber evaluation at three levels: a)RF absorber materials bulk parameters b)Arrays of commercially available RF absorbers c)RF absorbe
38、rs in actual applications, as in anechoic or semianechoic chambers and lined open-area test sites. The evaluation measurements can be performed in frequency and/or time domain. This recommended pratice, however, does not address the accuracy and limitations of the different evaluation methods. These
39、 issues will be addressed in future revisions of this recommended pratice. 1.2 Applications With the proliferation of RF absorber-lined shielded rooms, and their wide utilization for testing equipment for radiated emissions and radiated susceptibility, there is a need to provide repeatable and reali
40、stic perfor- mance figures of such RF absorbers in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz and higher. Up until now, the data provided by many manufacturers usually has been for normal incidence only. This data eliminates the effect of polarization on the RF absorber performance. For RF absorbers tha
41、t use a pyra- midal structure, the reflection coefficient is also a function of the alignment of the incident wave with the pyramidal structure, especially for high frequencies and for large angles of incidence. Furthermore, only the magnitude of the reflection coefficient typically is provided by t
42、he manufacturers. The lack of these kinds of data precludes the accurate calculation of the performance of RF absorber materials in the great majority of applications. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 15:35:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions
43、 apply. IEEE Std 1128-1998IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR RADIO-FREQUENCY (RF) 2Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved. This recommended practice is intended as an aid to RF absorber users and manufacturers. It indicates the type of data that is required by the design engineer and the various method
44、s that may be used to obtain such data. It is hoped that, in the future, both manufacturers and users will utilize the same or accepted equivalent methods to estimate the performance of RF absorbers. 2. References This recommended practice should be used in conjunction with the following documents:
45、ANSI C63.2-1996, American National Standard for Electromagnetic Noise and Field Strength Instumenta- tion, 10 kHz to 40 GHz Specifications.1 ANSI C63.4-1992, American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Radio-Noise Emissions from Low-Voltage Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the Ran
46、ge of 9 kHz to 40 GHz. IEC/CISPR 16-1 (1993-08), Specifications for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methodsPart 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus.2 3. Definitions and acronyms 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this recommended practice, the following term
47、s and definitions shall apply. 3.1.1 absorber-lined chamber (ALC): A room or enclosure (either shielded or unshielded) with all of its surfaces lined with radio-frequency (RF) absorber material. Commonly referred to as an anechoic chamber. 3.1.2 absorber-lined open-area test site (ATS): An open-area
48、 test site (OATS) in which the ground plane is covered with radio-frequency (RF) absorber to suppress ground reflections. See also: open-area test site (OATS). 3.1.3 angle of incidence: At a point on a surface, the acute angle between the normal to this surface and the direction of propagation of an
49、 incident wave. 3.1.4 antenna factor: a) Quantity relating the strength of the field in which an antenna is immersed to the output voltage across the load connected to the antenna. b) A factor that, when properly applied to the volt- age meter reading of the measuring instrument, yields the electric field strength in volts/meter or the mag- netic field strength in amperes/meter. NOTES 1This factor includes the effects of antenna effective length and mismatch and may include transmission line loss. 2The factor for the electric field strength is not necessarily the same as th