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1、Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1994 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1994. Printed in the United S
2、tates of America ISBN 1-55937-437-3 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std 524a-1993 (Supplement to IEEE Std 524-1992) IEEE Guide to Grounding During the Installation o
3、f Overhead Transmission Line Conductors Supplement to IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors Sponsor Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved December 2, 1993 IEEE Standards Board Abstract: General recommendations for the
4、 selection of methods and equipment found to be ef- fective and practical for grounding during the stringing of overhead trasmission line conductors and overhead ground wires are provided. The guide is directed to transmission voltages only. The aim is to present in one document sufficient details o
5、f present day grounding practices and equipment used in effective grounding and to provide electrical theory and considerations necessary to safe- guard personnel during the stringing operations of transmission lines. Keywords: conductor stringing, grounding, grounding equipment, grounding practices
6、, overhead transmission line conductors, protective grounding IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They
7、 are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in partici- pating in the development of the standard. Use o
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14、sideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA IEEE standards documents may involve the use of patented technology. Their approval by the Institute of Electrical and
15、Electronics Engineers, Inc. does not mean that using such technology for the purpose of conforming to such standards is autho- rized by the patent owner. It is the obligation of the user of such technology to obtain all necessary permissions. iii Introduction (This introduction is not a part of IEEE
16、 Std 524a-1993, IEEE Guide to Grounding During the Installation of Overhead Tranmission Line Conductors.) At the time this guide was approved, the membership of the Task Group of the Working Group on Construc- tion of Overhead Lines of the Towers, Poles, and Conductors Subcommittee, was as follows:
17、Tin S. Fong, Co-Chair J. H. Mallory, Co-Chair Ray GormanThomas J. McCarthyJames W. Reilly Robert HarmonJ. Derald MorganRobert J. Schnell Frank D. Myers The following persons were on the balloting committee: James BurkeJerome G. HansonStig L. Nilsson Vernon L. ChartierE. L. HarrisRobert G. Oswald Wil
18、liam T. CrokerJ. G. KappenmanJ. C. Pohlman Glenn A. DavidsonGeorge KaradyJ. L. Price Frank DenbrockNestor KolcioP. D. Quinn Dale DouglassH. LamW. Edward Reid L. H. FinkKeith E. LindseyD. Reisinger W. G. FinneyJ. H. MalloryFarouk A. M. Rizk Donald A. GilliesThomas J. McDermottB. R. Shperling I. S. Gr
19、antJ. Derald MorganJ. M. Van Name Frankin D. Myers When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on December 2, 1993, it had the following membership: Wallace S. Read, ChairDonald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. BarilJim IsaakDon T. Michael* Jos A. Berrios de la Pa
20、zBen C. JohnsonMarco W. Migliaro Clyde R. CampWalter J. KarplusL. John Rankine Donald C. FleckensteinLorraine C. KevraArthur K. Reilly Jay Forster*E. G. “Al” KienerRonald H. Reimer David F. FranklinIvor N. KnightGary S. Robinson Ramiro GarciaJoseph L. Koepfinger*Leonard L. Tripp Donald N. HeirmanD.
21、N. “Jim” LogothetisDonald W. Zipse *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. Engelman David E. Soffrin Stanley I. Warshaw Rochelle L. Stern IEEE Standards Project Editor v Contents CLAUSEPAGE 1.Overview 1 1.1 S
22、cope 1 1.2 Purpose. 1 1.3 Application. 1 1.4 Computer program. 2 1.5 Legal disclaimer. 2 1.6 References 2 2.Definitions . 2 3.Protective grounding principles. 9 4.Protection of personnel 9 4.1 Physiological reactions 9 4.2 Body resistance 13 4.3 Step voltage 13 4.4 Touch voltage 15 4.5 Summary 17 5.
23、Hazards and electrical concepts. 17 5.1 Source of hazards. 17 5.2 Ground protection 17 5.3 Induced voltages and currents 18 5.4 Fault conditions 21 5.5 Lightning 21 5.6 Accidental energized line. 22 5.7 Static charge (atmospheric) . 22 5.8 Summary 22 6.Grounding equipment, methods, and testing. 23 6
24、.1 Equipment 23 6.2 Methods . 29 6.3 Testing . 31 7.Transmission line construction grounding systems. 34 7.1 General. 34 7.2 Grounding of stringing equipment. 35 7.3 Grounding during stringing operation. 36 7.4 Grounding during sagging operation. 39 7.5 Grounding during dead-ending operation 39 7.6
25、Grounding during clipping-in operation 39 7.7 Grounding during removal of conductor and ground wire 39 7.8 Additional grounding consideration when paralleling energized lines . 39 7.9 Removal of grounds. 39 vi CLAUSEPAGE 8.Bibliography 40 INFORMATIVE ANNEXES Annex AElectrical theory. 42 A.1 Electric
26、 field induction. 42 A.2Magnetic field induction 45 Annex BElectric and magnetic field induction computer program presentation with sample problems. 47 B.1Description of programs 47 B.2Assumptions. 47 B.3User instructions 48 B.4Electric field induction. 49 B.5Magnetic field induction 51 B.6Computer
27、output 51 Annex C Source code for the electric field induction program (EFINCUC.C). 53 Annex D Source code for the magnetic field induction program (MFINDUC.C) 60 1 IEEE Guide to Grounding During the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors Supplement to IEEE Guide to the Installation o
28、f Overhead Transmission Line Conductors 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide provides recommendations for the selection of methods and equipment that have been found effective and practical for grounding during the installation of overhead transmission line conductors and overhead ground wires. This gui
29、de is directed at transmission voltages only. Installation of overhead conduc- tors for distribution circuits generally involves similar conditions; however, the specific recommendations of this guide have not been developed to include all situations encountered at distribution voltages. The guide a
30、lso includes a comprehensive list of definitions for equipment and tools used in effective grounding during the stringing operation. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to present in one document sufficient details of present day grounding practices and equipment used in effective grounding dur
31、ing installation of overhead transmission line conductors and ground wires, and to provide electrical theory and considerations necessary to safeguard personnel during the stringing operations of transmission lines. 1.3 Application This guide is applicable to grounding used during construction of ov
32、erhead transmission lines. Grounding practices for transmission line projects will be strongly influenced by available fault current and local soil and water table conditions. Methods that are currently employed are presented. The practices that are described are to provide for a safe environment fo
33、r the workers installing transmission line conductor and overhead ground wire from the initial setup to ready for service condition. Requirements of national, state, or local regulations must be observed. This information is intended to be used in developing the appropriate grounding requirements, p
34、rocedures, and selection of equipment by IEEE Std 524a-1993IEEE GUIDE TO GROUNDING DURING THE INSTALLATION OF 2 methods engineers and construction personnel for the installation of overhead transmission line conductor projects. 1.4 Computer program This guide includes a computer program for use in c
35、alculations of induced voltages and currents. A floppy disk is provided. Instructions for its use are included in annex B. The program, written in C, has been devel- oped for both the disk operating system (DOS) and Macintosh. 1.5 Legal disclaimer The support data for this guide were collected from
36、a great number of sources and believed to be reliable and true. Care has been taken during the compilation and writing to prevent error or misrepresentation. The authors make no warranty with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information con- tained in the guide, or assume
37、any liabilities with respect to the applicability or use of any information, method, or process presented in this publication. The use of trade names is for the information and convenience of the user of this guide and does not consti- tute an endorsement by the authors. 1.6 References This guide sh
38、all be used in conjuction with the following publications: IEEE Std 80-1986 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding (ANSI).1 IEEE Std 100-1992, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (ANSI). IEEE Std 524-1992, IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhe
39、ad Transmission Line Conductors (ANSI). 2. Definitions Terminology for equipment and procedures associated with the installation of overhead transmission line conductors and temporary grounding systems varies widely throughout the utility industry. Definitions are included to provide a correlation b
40、etween the terminology used in this guide and industry synonyms. Note that the synonyms are terms commonly used, although many are not necessarily good usage and should not be taken as equivalents to the guide terminology. Many of the terms have additional meanings and usages that are defined in IEE
41、E Std 100-1992, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms. An asterisk (*) following a definition indi- cates that the definition is identical to that which appears in IEEE Std 100-1992.2 2.1 anchor (conductor stringing equipment): A device that serves as a reliable suppor
42、t to hold an object firmly in place. The term anchor is normally associated with cone, plate, screw or concrete anchors, but the terms snub, deadman, and anchor log are usually associated with pole stubs or logs set or buried in the ground to serve as temporary anchors. The latter are often used at
43、pull and tension sites (see anchor log in IEEE Std 100-1992). Syn: anchor log, deadman, snub.* 2.2 anchor site: The location along the line where anchors are installed to temporarily hold the conductors in facilitating splicing, pulling, or tensioning. 1IEEE publications are available from the Insti
44、tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA. 2Information on references can be found in 1.6. IEEE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTORSStd 524a-1993 3 2.3 ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials. Founded in 1898, the ASTM is
45、 a scientific and technical organization formed for the development of standards on characteristics and performance of mate- rials, products, systems, and service; and the promotion of related knowledge. 2.4 AWG: American Wire Gage. Also known as the Brown and Sharp gage, AWG was devised in 1857 by
46、J. R. Brown. This gage has the property such that its sizes represent approximately the successive steps in the process of wire drawing. Also, its numbers are retrogressive; a larger number denotes a smaller wire cor- responding to the operations of drawing. These gage numbers are not arbitrarily ch
47、osen, but follow the math- ematical law upon which the gage is founded. 2.5 body resistance: Determined from the ratio of voltage applied to current flowing in a human body, neglecting capacitive and inductive effects. 2.6 bonded (conductor stringing equipment): The mechanical interconnection of con
48、ductive parts to maintain a common electrical potential. Syn: connected.* 2.7 bullwheel puller (conductor stringing equipment): A device designed to pull pulling lines and con- ductors during stringing operations. It normally incorporates one or more pairs of urethane- or neoprene- lined, power-driv
49、en, single- or multiple-groove bullwheels where each pair is arranged in tandem. Pulling is accomplished by friction generated against the pulling line, which is reeved around the grooves of a pair of the bullwheels. The puller is usually equipped with its own engine which drives the bullwheels mechani- cally, hydraulically, or through a combination of both. Some of these devices function as either a puller or tensioner. Syn: puller.* 2.8 bullwheel tensioner (conductor stringing equipment): A device designed to hold tension against a pulling line or conductor during the stri