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1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1995 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1995. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-55937-528-0 No part of thi
2、s publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std 1250-1995 IEEE Guide for Service to Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage Disturbances Sponsor Transmission and Distribution Committee of th
3、e IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved March 16, 1995 IEEE Standards Board Corrected Edition Second Printing Abstract: Computers, computer-like products, and equipment using solid-state power conversion have created entirely new areas of power quality considerations. There is an increasing awaren
4、ess that much of this new user equipment is not designed to withstand the surges, faults, and reclosing duty present on typical distribution systems. Momentary voltage disturbances occuring in ac power distribution and utilization systems, their potential effects on this new, sensitive, user equipme
5、nt, and guidance toward mitigation of these effects are described. Harmonic distortion limits are also discussed. Keywords: disturbance analyzers, faults, harmonic distortion, momentary voltage disturbances, noise, power conditioners, sensitive equipment, surge protection, surges IEEE Standards docu
6、ments are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEE
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10、lthough still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with
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13、erests. For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical com- mittees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addr
14、essed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA On page 3, the second item in the list in 3.1.8 has been corrected to read “2 s” rather than “2 min”. IEEE Standards documents may involve the use of patented technology. Their approval by the Institu
15、te of Electrical and Electronics Engineers does not mean that using such technology for the purpose of conforming to such standards is authorized by the patent owner. It is the obligation of the user of such technology to obtain all necessary permissions. iii Introduction (This introduction is not a
16、 part of IEEE Std 1250-1995, IEEE Guide for Service to Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage Distur- bances.) This guide was developed out of an increasing awareness of the incompatibility of modern electronics equip- ment with a normal power system environment. Simply put, much new user equipmen
17、t is not designed to withstand the surges, faults, and reclosing duty present on typical electric utility distribution systems or within the users facility. This guide describes the operating environment of sensitive utilization equipment, identifies potential prob- lem areas, and suggests effective
18、 ways to satisfy its special voltage requirements. Cooperation among users, utilities, and equipment designers is needed to ensure both adequate electric service to all users and proper equipment operations. Solutions are presented from the perspectives of both the customer and the utility pro- vide
19、r, since the problems users of sensitive equipment experience often originate from either area The Working Group on Distribution Voltage Quality, which undertook the development of this guide, had the following membership: Daniel J. Ward, Chair M. AndresenG. C. HensleyK. Price R. ArchibaldM. D. Higg
20、insG. B. Rauch R. H. ArndtL. HongJ. M. Roberts V. BaschM. B. HughesJ. A. Roiz R. BergeronM. J. KempkerS. Sabir A. J. BraunT. S. KeyN. K. Saini J. F. BuchD. KreissA. N. St. John J. J. BurkeT. M. KulasM. Samotyj D. M. ChamberlinA. KuskoL. M. Saulsman L. ClarkJ. A. LaPointW. E. Schwabe L. E. ConradJ. L
21、amoreeR. J. Serocki T. M. CroushoreJ. LemkeM. T. Sheehan A. J. CsomayF. D. MartzloffG. Shomo A. DomijanA. McEachernT. A. Short P. E. EichinM. F. McGranaghanJ. C. Smith A. E. EmanuelJ. C. McIverK. Srinivasan R. C. EnderH. MehtaR. P. Stratford T. J. GentileW. A. MoncriefJ. E. Sullivan T. N. Gerstnecke
22、rL. MorganR. S. Thallam R. S. GlickmanA. G. MorinecB. Tobin W. M. GradyR. C. MukherjiH. Tram T. GrebeJ. E. MungenastD. B. Vannoy D. C. GriffithT. H. OrtmeyerM. Waclawiak E. W. GuntherD. J. PileggiV. Wagner D. P. HartmannS. G. Whisenant In addition to the working group members, the following people c
23、ontributed their experience and knowledge to this guide: T. M. GruzsC. L. RudasillD. R. Smith The following persons were on the balloting committee: James E. ApplequistGeorge G. KaradyR. J. Piwko J. F. BuchNestor KolcioF. S. Prabhakara James J. BurkeRobert E. LeeEdward W. Reid I. S. GrantThomas J. M
24、cDermottDennis Reisinger J. W. JanischewskyFranklin D. MyersB. R. Shperling J. G. KappenmanD. L. NickelDaniel J. Ward Stig L. Nilsson iv When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 16, 1995, it had the following membership: E. G. “Al” Kiener, ChairDonald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andr
25、ew G. Salem, Secretary Gilles A. BarilRichard J. HollemanMarco W. Migliaro Clyde R. CampJim IsaakMary Lou Padgett Joseph A. CannatelliBen C. JohnsonJohn W. Pope Stephen L. DiamondSonny KasturiArthur K. Reilly Harold E. EpsteinLorraine C. KevraGary S. Robinson Donald C. FleckensteinIvor N. KnightIngo
26、 Rusch Jay Forster*Joseph L. Koepfinger*Chee Kiow Tan Donald N. HeirmanD. N. “Jim” LogothetisLeonard L. Tripp L. Bruce McClung *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal Richard B. Engelman Robert E. Hebner Chester C. Taylor Paula M.
27、Kelty IEEE Standards Project Editor v Contents CLAUSEPAGE 1.Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Problem definition. 1 1.3 Purpose of guide 1 2.References 2 3.Terminology. 2 3.1 Definitions . 2 3.2 Differing usage of technical terms. 4 4.Electrical environment. 6 4.1 Steady-state voltage. 6 4.2 Momentary dist
28、urbances 7 4.3 Causes of momentary disturbances 7 4.4 Identifying and quantifying the causes 11 4.5 Harmonic distortion. 12 5.Sensitive loads . 14 5.1 Types of sensitive loads. 14 5.2 Ride-through capability. 16 6.Solutions 17 6.1 Utility-side solutions 17 6.2 Customer-side solutions. 18 6.3 Additio
29、nal problems and solutions 31 Annex Bibliography 32 A.1Standards 32 A.2Texts. 32 A.3Technical papers 33 1 IEEE Guide for Service to Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage Disturbances 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide describes momentary voltage disturbances (short-duration transients) occurring in
30、 ac power dis- tribution and utilization systems, their potential effects on sensitive equipment, and guidance toward mitiga- tion of these effects. Also provided is a description of the operating environment of sensitive utilization equipment as well as information on harmonic distortion limits. 1.
31、2 Problem definition Computers, computer-like products, and equipment using solid-state power conversion have created entirely new areas of power quality considerations. There is an increasing awareness that much of this new user equipment is not designed to withstand the surges, faults, and reclosi
32、ng duty present on typical distribution systems. In addition to the usual steady-state concerns, designers and users of these types of equipment, as well as suppliers of utilities, are concerned with transients, brief momentary disturbances, and harmonics of these often sensitive loads. Most voltage
33、 problems associated with computers and other sensitive equipment are related to not only high or low steady-state voltage levels, but also to momentary voltage disturbances, such as surges, sags, interrup- tions, or rapid changes in voltage. The starting of a large motor, for example, can result in
34、 voltage sag due to the high inrush current. A fault on the utility lines, even though cleared, can result in a momentary sag, surge, or interruption. Momentary voltage disturbances may result from a wide variety of causes on a utility system or within a users facility. Site monitoring with disturba
35、nce recorders helps to identify the nature of the problem and the frequency of occurrence. Such information can then be correlated to events on either side of the meter to help identify possible solutions. However, difficulty often arises in matching recorded disturbances to equipment sensitiv- itie
36、s. A variety of power-conditioning equipment is available to buffer the sensitive load from various disturbances (and in some cases, from harmonics) where necessary. Ideally, the power-quality tolerance of the particular sensitive equipment should be analyzed to determine the proper solution; howeve
37、r, this information is often unknown. In addition, the user should be aware of some of the nonlinear characteristics of certain types of conditioning equipment. 1.3 Purpose of guide Equipment application problems exist today because of certain incompatibilities among the sensitive equip- ment and va
38、rious disturbances present on typical power systems. Some of the newer sensitive loads are par- ticularly vulnerable to momentary disturbances. In addition, some of these loads introduce considerable harmonic content into the system and can be detrimental to other equipment in the area. Because of i
39、ncreas- ing use of computers and other sensitive equipment, such problems will continue to grow unless corrective measures are taken. IEEE Std 1250-1995IEEE GUIDE FOR SERVICE TO EQUIPMENT SENSITIVE 2 The primary purpose of this guide is to assist in identifying potential problems and to suggest effe
40、ctive ways to satisfy sensitive equipment voltage requirements. This discussion should provide insight into the distinc- tion between those voltage-related problems that are controlled by the utility and those that can only be addressed by the user or equipment designer. Cooperation among users, uti
41、lities, and equipment designers is needed to ensure both adequate electric service to all users and proper equipment operations. Solutions are presented from the perspectives of both the customer and the utility provider, since the problems users of sensitive equipment experience often originate fro
42、m either area. The secondary purpose of this guide is to help provide the designers of sensitive equipment with an under- standing of the environment in which their equipment is expected to operate. 2. References This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. When the follo
43、wing standards are superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply: ANSI C84.1-1989, American National Standard Voltage Ratings (60 Hz) for Electric Power Systems and Equipment.1 IEEE Std 100-1992, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (ANSI).2 IEEE C62.1-
44、1989 (Reaff 1994), IEEE Standard for Gapped Silicon-Carbide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (ANSI). IEEE Std C62.41-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits (ANSI). 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions Whenever possible, the definitions of the terms used in
45、this guide are those found in IEEE Std 100-19923 or Std 1100-1992 B7.4 In some instances, the IEEE definition in the current dictionary may be either too broad or too restrictive; in such a case, an additional definition is included in this subclause. 3.1.1 clamping voltage: The maximum magnitude of
46、 voltage across a surge-protective device during the passage of a specified surge current (e.g., 100 A, 8/20 s waveshape). 3.1.2 distortion factor: The ratio of the rms of the harmonic content to the rms value of the fundamental quantity, often expressed as a percent of the fundamental. Syn: total h
47、armonic distortion. See also: har- monic distortion. 3.1.3 flicker: A perceptible change in electric light source intensity due to a fluctuation of input voltage. NOTEThe general meaning of this term could make it applicable to describe the pulsation of luminous flux from a low-inertia source (such
48、as gas discharge lamps) caused by the zero crossings of the supply voltage at twice the power- system frequency. However, in the context of power supply disturbances, the term applies to perceptible, subjective, objectionable, and random or periodic variations of the light output. 1ANSI publications
49、 are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA. 2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA. 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references in clause 2. 4The numbers in brackets preceded by the letter B correspond to those of the bibliography in the annex. IEEE TO MOMENTARY VOLTAGE DISTURBANCESStd 1250-1995 3 3.1.4 ground loop: A potentially detrimental loop formed when tw