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1、Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Std C57.104-1991 (Revision of IEEE C57.104-1978) IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Approved June 27, 1991 IEEE Standards Board
2、Approved November 20, 1991 American National Standards Institute Abstract: Detailed procedures for analyzing gas from gas spaces or gas-collecting devices as well as gas dissolved in oil are described. The procedures cover: (1) the calibration and use of field instruments for detecting and estimatin
3、g the amount of combustible gases present in gas blankets above oil, or in gas detector relays; (2) the use of fixed instruments for detecting and determining the quantity of combustible gases present in gas-blanketed equipment; (3) obtaining samples of gas and oil from the transformer for laborator
4、y analysis; (4) laboratory methods for analyzing the gas blanket and the gases extracted from the oil; and (5) interpreting the results in terms of transformer serviceability. The intent is to provide the operator with positive and useful information concerning the serviceability of the equipment. A
5、n extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is included. Keywords: gas analysis, oil, oil-filled transformers, transformers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1992 by the Institute of E
6、lectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 1992 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-55937-157-9 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. I
7、EEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards de
8、veloped within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE
9、Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about throu
10、gh developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its
11、 contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affil
12、iation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the
13、 need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance
14、of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be
15、addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA IEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on articles, materials, or processes. Suc
16、h adoption does assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents. iii Foreword (This foreword is not a part of IEEE Std C57.104-1991, IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers.) At
17、 the time that this standard was completed, the Transformers Committee had the following officers: J. D. Borst, Chair J. H. Harlow, Vice Chair W. B. Binder, Secretary At the time that this standard was completed, the Insulating Fluids Subcommittee had the following members: H. A. Pearce, Chair F. W.
18、 Heinrichs, Secretary D. J. Allan H. Azizian D. Baranowski J. G. Bryant G. Bryant J. Corkran D. W. Crofts D. H. Douglas M. Fitzgerald R. M. Frey M. Frydman P. Gervais J. P. Gibeault D. A. Gillies J. Goudie F. M. Gragg F. J. Gryszkiewicz T. J. Haupert F. W. Heinrichs P. J. Hoefler C. R. Hoesel B. G.
19、Hunter D. L. Johnson J. J. Kelly J. P. Kinney J. G. Lackey R. I. Lowe G. G. McRae M. M. McGee K. McManamon C. K. Miller R. E. Minkwitz R. J. Musil W. Mutschler, Jr. E. J. Norton T. Orbeck C. T. Raymond A. D. Recchuite G. J. Reitter T. O. Rouse L. J. Savio G. J. Schreuders D. W. Sundin J. A. Thompson
20、 T. P. Traub R. A. Veitch R. M. Vincent L. Wagenaar At the time that it balloted and approved this standard for submission to the IEEE Standards Board, the Transformers Committee had the following members: E. J. Adolphson L. C. Aicher D. J. Allan B. Allen R. Allustiarti S. Altman J. C. Arnold J. Aub
21、in R. Bancroft D. Barnard D. L. Basel P. L. Bellaschi S. Bennon W. B. Binder J. V. Bonucchi J. D. Borst C .V. Brown O. R. Compton F. W. Cook J. L. Corkran D. W. Crofts J. N. Davis D. H. Douglas J. C. Dutton J. K. Easley J. A. Ebert D. J. Fallon S. L. Foster M. Frydman H. E. Gabel R. E. Gearhart D. W
22、. Gerlach D. A. Gillies R. S. Girgis R. L. Grubb F. J. Gryszkiewicz G. Hall J. H. Harlow F. W. Heinrichs W. R. Henning K. R. Highton P. J. Hoefler C. Hoesel R.H. Hollister C. C. Honey E. Howells C. Hurty Y. P. Iijima G. W. Iliff R. G. Jacobsen D. L. Johnson D. C. Johnson A. J. Jonnatti C. P. Kappele
23、r iv R. B. Kaufman J. J. Kelly W. N. Kennedy J. P. Kinney B. Klaponski A. D. Kline E. Koenig J. G. Lackey R. E. Lee H. F. Light S. R. Lindgren L. W. Long L. A. Lowdermilk R. I. Lowe M. L. Manning H. B. Margolis T. Massouda J. W. Matthews J. McGill C. J. McMillen W. J. McNutt S. P. Mehta C. K. Miller
24、 C. H. Millian R. E. Minkwitz M. Mitelman H. R. Moore R. J. Musil W. H. Mutschler E. T. Norton R. A. Olsson B. K. Patel W. F. Patterson H. A. Pearce D. Perco L. W. Pierce J. M. Pollitt C. P. Raymond C. A. Robbins L. J. Savio W. E. Saxon D. N. Sharma V. Shenoy W. W. Stein L. R. Stensland E. G. Strang
25、as D. Sundin L. A. Swenson D. S. Takach A. M. Teplitzky V. Thenappan R. C. Thomas J. A. Thompson T. P. Traub D. E. Truax W. B. Uhl R. E. Uptegraff, Jr. G. H. Vaillancourt R. A. Veitch L. B. Wagenaar R. J. Whearty A. L. Wilks W. E. Wrenn A. C. Wurdack E. J. Yasuda The Accredited Standards Committee o
26、n Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors, C57, that reviewed and approved this document, had the following members at the time of approval: Leo J. Savio, Chair John A. Gauthier, Secretary Organization RepresentedName of Representative Electric Light and Power Group .P. E. Orehek S. M. A. Rizvi F. St
27、evens J. Sullivan J. C. Thompson M. C. Mingoia (Alt.) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.J. D. Borst J. Davis J. H. Harlow L. Savio H. D. Smith R. A. Veitch National Electrical Manufacturers Association G. D. Coulter P. Dewever J. D. Douglas A. A. Ghafourian K. R. Linsley R. L. Plaste
28、r H. Robin R. E. Uptegraff, Jr. P. J. Hopkinson (Alt.) J. Nay (Alt.) Tennessee Valley AuthorityF. A. Lewis Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. W. T. OGrady v US Department of Agriculture, REA J. Bohlk US Department of Energy Western Area Power AdministrationD. R. Torgerson US Department of the Interior,
29、 Bureau of Reclamation.F. W. Cook, Sr. US Department of the Navy, Civil Engineering Corps.H. P. Stickley When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on June 27, 1991, it had the following membership: Marco W. Migliaro, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Dennis Bo
30、dson Paul L. Borrill Clyde Camp James M. Daly Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* David F. Franklin Ingrid Fromm Thomas L. Hannan Donald N. Heirman Kenneth D. Hendrix John W. Horch Ben C. Johnson Ivor N. Knight Joseph Koepfinger* Irving Kolodny Michael A. Lawler John E. May, Jr. Lawrence V. McCall T
31、. Don Michael* Stig L. Nilsson John L. Rankine Ronald H. Reimer Gary S. Robinson Terrance R. Whittemore *Member Emeritus Also included were the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Fernando Aldana Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. Engelman Stanley Warshaw Mary Lynne Nielsen IEE
32、E Standards Department Project Editor vi CLAUSEPAGE 1. Introduction.1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Limitations. 2 1.3 References 2 1.4 Definitions 2 2. General Theory .3 2.1 Cellulosic Decomposition 3 2.2 Oil Decomposition. 3 2.3 Application to Equipment 4 2.4 Establishing Baseline Data. 5 2.5 Recognition of a G
33、assing ProblemEstablishing Operating Priorities 5 3. Interpretation of Gas Analysis 5 3.1 Thermal Faults . 5 3.2 Electrical FaultsLow Intensity Discharges 5 3.3 Electrical FaultsHigh Intensity Arcing 6 4. Suggested Operating Procedures Utilizing the Detection and Analysis of Combustible Gases.6 4.1
34、Determining Combustible Gas Generating Rates 6 4.2 Determining the Gas Space and Dissolved Gas-in-Oil Equivalents 8 4.3 Monitoring Insulation Deterioration Using Dissolved Gas Volume . 8 4.4 Evaluation of Transformer Condition Using Individual and TDCG Concentrations 9 4.5 Evaluation of Possible Fau
35、lt Type by the Key Gas Method 12 4.6 Evaluation of Possible Fault Type by Analysis of the Separate Combustible Gases Generated. 14 5. Instruments for Detecting and Determining the Amount of Combustible Gases Present 16 5.1 Portable Instruments 16 5.2 Fixed Instruments. 17 6. Procedures for Obtaining
36、 Samples of Gas and Oil From the Transformer for Laboratory Analysis.19 6.1 Gas Samples for Laboratory Analysis . 19 6.2 Gas Dissolved in Oil 19 7. Laboratory Methods for Analyzing the Gas Blanket and the Gases Extracted From the Oil.19 7.1 Determination of Total Dissolved Gas. 19 7.2 Determination
37、of Individual Dissolved Gases. 19 7.3 Determination of Individual Gases Present in the Gas Blanket. 19 8. Bibliography20 8.1 Sources. 20 8.2 Gas Evolution. 20 8.3 Detection and Interpretation. 22 1 IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers 1. Introduction The
38、detection of certain gases generated in an oil-filled transformer in service is frequently the first available indication of a malfunction that may eventually lead to failure if not corrected. Arcing, corona discharge, low-energy sparking, severe overloading, pump motor failure, and overheating in t
39、he insulation system are some of the possible mechanisms. These conditions occurring singly, or as several simultaneous events, can result in decomposition of the insulating materials and the formation of various combustible and noncombustible gases. Normal operation will also result in the formatio
40、n of some gases. In fact, it is possible for some transformers to operate throughout their useful life with substantial quantities of combustible gases present. Operating a transformer with large quantities of combustible gas present is not a normal occurrence but it does happen, usually after some
41、degree of investigation and an evaluation of the possible risk. In a transformer, generated gases can be found dissolved in the insulating oil, in the gas blanket above the oil, or in gas collecting devices. The detection of an abnormal condition requires an evaluation of the amount of generated gas
42、 present and the continuing rate of generation. Some indication of the source of the gases and the kind of insulation involved may be gained by determining the composition of the generated gases. 1.1 Scope This guide applies to mineral-oil-immersed transformers and addresses: 1)The theory of combust
43、ible gas generation in a transformer 2)The interpretation of gas analysis 3)Suggested operating procedures 4)Various diagnostic techniques, such as key gases, Dornenberg ratios, and Rogers ratios 5)Instruments for detecting and determining the amount of combustible gases present 6)A bibliography of
44、related literature 2Copyright 1992 IEEE All Rights Reserved IEEE Std C37.104-1991IEEE GUIDE FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF GASES 1.2 Limitations Many techniques for the detection and the measurement of gases have been established. However, it must be recognized that analysis of these gases and interpreta
45、tion of their significance is at this time not a science, but an art subject to variability. Their presence and quantity are dependent on equipment variables such as type, location, and temperature of the fault; solubility and degree of saturation of various gases in oil; the type of oil preservatio
46、n system; the type and rate of oil circulation; the kinds of material in contact with the fault; and finally, variables associated with the sampling and measuring procedures themselves. Because of the variability of acceptable gas limits and the significance of various gases and generation rates, a
47、consensus is difficult to obtain. The principal obstacle in the development of fault interpretation as an exact science is the lack of positive correlation of the fault-identifying gases with faults found in actual transformers. The result of various ASTM testing round robins indicates that the anal
48、ytical procedures for gas analysis are difficult, have poor precision, and can be wildly inaccurate, especially between laboratories. A replicate analysis confirming a diagnosis should be made before taking any major action. This guide is, in general, an advisory document. It provides guidance on sp
49、ecific methods and procedures to assist the transformer operator in deciding on the status and continued operation of a transformer that exhibits combustible gas formation. However, operators must be cautioned that, although the physical reasons for gas formation have a firm technical basis, interpretation of that data in terms of the specific cause or causes is not an exact science, but is the result of empirical evidence from which rules for interpretation have been derived. Hence, exact causes or conditions within transformers may not be inferred from the various