《IEEE Std C95.1, 1999 Edition IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《IEEE Std C95.1, 1999 Edition IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.pdf（83页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA Copyright 1999 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 16 April 1999. Printed in the United States of America. Print: ISBN 0-7381-1557
2、-6 SH94717 PDF: ISBN 0-7381-1558-4 SS94717 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. IEEE Std C95.1, 1999 Edition (Incorporating IEEE Std C95.1-1991 and IEEE Std C95.1a-1998) IEEE
3、Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28 on Non-Ionizing Radiation Hazards Approved 8 December 1998 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: IEEE C95.1-1991 gives recommendations to
4、 prevent harmful effects in human beings exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz. The recommen- dations are intended to apply to exposures in controlled, as well as uncontrolled, environments. They are not intended to apply to the purposeful exposure of patient
5、s under the direction of practi- tioners of the healing arts. The induced and contact current limits of IEEE C95.1-1991 are modified in this edition. In addition, field strengths below which induced and contact currents do not have to be measured are specified, spatial averaging and measurement dist
6、ance requirements are clarified, and more precise definitions for averaging volume and radiated power are provided. Keywords: electromagnetic fields, exposure limits, microwave and radio frequency safety, nonion- izing radiation protection, safety levels Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking Un
7、iversity. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:32:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Com- mittees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. Members of the committees serve vol
8、untarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in t
9、he development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the view
10、point expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every ve years for revision or reafrmation. When a docum
11、ent is more than ve years old and has not been reafrmed, it is rea- sonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for re
12、vision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership afliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise rega
13、rding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specic applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is i
14、mportant to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the
15、matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal
16、 or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Cus- tomer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
17、 01923 USA; (978) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copy- right Clearance Center. Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter cov
18、ered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inq
19、uiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:32:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved. iii Introduction (This int
20、roduction is not part of IEEE Std C95.1, 1999 Edition, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.) In 1960, the American Standards Association approved the initiation of the Radiation Hazards Standards project under the
21、 co-sponsorship of the Department of the Navy and the IEEE. Prior to 1988, C95 standards were developed by Accredited Standards Committee C95 (ASC C95), and sub- mitted to ANSI for approval and issuance as ANSI C95 standards. Between 1988 and 1990, the committee was converted to Standards Coordinati
22、ng Committee 28 (SCC 28) under the sponsorship of the IEEE Stan- dards Board. In accordance with policies of the IEEE, C95 standards will be issued and developed as IEEE standards, as well as being submitted to ANSI for recognition. The present scope of IEEE SCC 28 is the Development of standards fo
23、r the safe use of electromagnetic energy in the range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz rel- ative to the potential hazards of exposure of man, volatile materials, and explosive devices to such energy. It is not intended to include infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or ionizing radiation. The committee will coordi- n
24、ate with other committees whose scopes are contiguous with SCC 28. The IEEE SCC 28 is responsible for this standard. There are ve subcommittees concerned with ITechniques, Procedures, and Instrumentation IITerminology, Units of Measurements, and Hazard Communication IIISafety Levels with Respect to
25、Human Exposure, 03 kHz IVSafety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 3 kHz300 GHz VSafety Levels with Respect to Electro-Explosive Devices Two standards, two guides, and three recommended practices have been issued. Current versions are IEEE Std C95.1-1991 (Reaff 1997), IEEE Standard Safety Levels
26、 with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. (Replaces ANSI C95.1-1982.) ANSI C95.2-1982 (Reaff 1988), American National Standard Radio Frequency Radiation Hazard Warning Symbol. IEEE Std C95.3-1991 (Reaff 1997), IEEE Recommended Practice for the Measu
27、rement of Potentially Haz- ardous Electromagnetic Fields - RF and Microwave. (Replaces ANSI C95.3-1973 and ANSI C95.5-1981.) ANSI C95.3-1973 (Reaff 1979), American National Standard Techniques and Instrumentation for the Mea- surement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic FieldsRF and Microwave.
28、ANSI C95.5-1981, American National Standard Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields - RF and Microwave. IEEE Std 1460-1996, IEEE Guide for the Measurement of Quasi-Static Magnetic and Electric Fields. ANSI C95.4-1971, American National Standard Safety Guide for t
29、he Prevention of Radio-Frequency Radia- tion Hazards in the Use of Electric Blasting Caps. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:32:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iv Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved. Changes in the 1991 revi
30、sion of C95.1 include an expanded frequency range, limits on induced body current to prevent radio-frequency (RF) shock or burn, a relaxation of limits on exposure to magnetic elds at low frequencies, and exposure limits and averaging time at high frequencies that are compatible at 300 GHz with exis
31、ting infrared maximum-permissible exposure (MPE) limits. Important improvements in rules for valid measurement of electromagnetic elds have been introduced, and expanded rules for relaxing the exposure limits for the case of partial body exposure have been developed. Also, a distinction is made betw
32、een con- trolled and uncontrolled environments relative to safe exposure limits. IEEE C95.1-1991 prescribes MPEs to prevent biological injury from exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Revisions of the original version of this standard (ANSI C95.1-1966) were made in 1974 and major revi- sions of AN
33、SI C95.1-1974 were made in 1982 to take into account the signicant expansion of the database, improvements in dosimetry, and the increasing number of people in the general population exposed to RF elds. The changes in the standard included a wider frequency coverage, frequency dependence resulting f
34、rom the recognition of whole-body resonance and incorporation of dosimetry. In addition to those changes, the present standard also includes a distinction between controlled and uncontrolled environments and guidelines for partial-body and near-eld exposures. Exposure limits in the uncontrolled envi
35、ronment are lower than in the controlled environment under certain conditions, such as resonance, or when exposure is complicated by associated hazards like RF shock or burn. IEEE C95.1-1991 contains a detailed discussion of both the rationale and the limitations of the recom- mended guidelines base
36、d on the present database. IEEE C95.1-1991 was reafrmed in 1997 and is now undergoing revision. Several issues approved by SCC 28 for the next revision were deemed sufciently important by the committee to warrant a supplement before the entire revision is completed. IEEE C95.1a-1998 was approved as
37、a supplement to IEEE C95.1- 1991. This supplement was incorporated into the text of IEEE C95.1-1991 to create IEEE C95.1, 1999 Edi- tion. This edition modies the induced and grasping-contact current limits specied in IEEE C95.1-1991, species electric eld strength below which induced and contact curr
38、ents do not have to be determined, modies measurement distance requirements, and provides more precise denitions for spatial averaging, averaging volume, and radiated power as applied to hand-held wireless devices. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010
39、 at 16:32:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved. v Participants IEEE Std C95.1-1991 was prepared by Subcommittee IV on Safety Levels with Respect to Human Expo- sure, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, of IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28, and had the following
40、membership at the time the standard was prepared: O. P. Gandhi, Co-Chair E. R. Adair, Co-Chair J. M. Osepchuk, Secretary * During the period of 19821987, Dr. Storm served as chair of Subcommittee IV. * Deceased. S. J. Allen B. Appleton E. Aslan T. M. Babij Q. Balzano K. Barat F. Barnes N. Barron H.
41、I. Bassen J. A. Bergeron C. Blackman R. Brent C. R. Bufer C. Cain F. Cain R. Carpenter* C. K. Chou J. Cohen D. L. Conover W. Cory R. A. Curtis P. Czerski* J. A. DAndrea J. O. deLorge C. Dodge L. D. Dornetto R. Downs J. Elder L. Epstein D. N. Erwin S. M. Fastman K. R. Foster M. Galvin W. Ghiselli F.
42、P. Gibbs Z. Glaser M. J. Gluck C. F. Gottlieb A. W. Guy H. Haase B. Hagaman M. Hagmann L. L. Hamilton W. C. Hammer N. Hankin G. H. Harrison J. B. Hateld H. J. Healer L. N. Heynick C. W. Hicks D. L. Hjeresen H. Ho D. E. Hudson D. E. Janes D. R. Justesen R. Justus W. J. Karoly J. Kean H. F. Kerschner
43、B. Kleinstein P. O. Kramar J. L. Kristal H. A. Kues H. Lai J. Lary R. Lebovitz R. P. Liburdy J. C. Lin J. L. Lords W. G. Lotz R. Lovely S. T. Lu R. W. Luebke E. D. Mantiply G. M. Marmaro S. Maurer R. D. McAfee S. M. Michaelson* A. Mickley G. Miller G. Mine J. C. Mitchell J. C. Monahan S. Nesnow C. M
44、. Newton M. E. OConnor R. G. Olsen J. L. Orr R. C. Petersen R. D. Phillips H. Pollack* E. Postow R. J. Preston C. N. Rafferty B. J. Roberts N. J. Roberts R. Rose F. R. Schadt H. P. Schwan M. R. Sikov C. Silverman D. R. Simon R. J. Smialowicz R. F. Smith J. Snyder D. E. Spiers N. H. Steneck F. K. Sto
45、rm* C. H. Sutton M. L. Swicord R. A. Tell T. S. Tenforde W. A. Tompkins P. E. Tyler R. Watkins M. M. Weiss C. B. Wenger P. D. Woolf R. Yacovissi Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 16:32:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Copyright 1999
46、IEEE. All rights reserved. vi The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved Std IEEE C95.1-1991 for submission to the IEEE Standards Board: Thomas F. Budinger, Chair A. W. Guy, Vice Chair John J. Woods, Secretary When the IEEE Standards Board approved IEEE Std C95.1-1991 on 26
47、September 1991, it had the follow- ing membership: Marco W. Migliaro, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: M. R. Altman R. Baird Q. Balzano N. Barron H. Bassen J. Brandinger T. F. Budi
48、nger S. Cain D. R. Case J. Cohen D. P. Deeter J. O. deLorge M. O. Durham E. C. Elson D. N. Erwin G. U. Fantozzi A. W. Guy G. Heimer C. W. Hicks T. Hoven H. F. Kerschner J. C. Lin E. Maher T. G. McDermott J. C. Mitchell J. M. Osepchuk R. C. Petersen B. J. Roberts R. Rose H. P. Schwan N. E. Spaulding
49、J. A. Steele F. K. Storm M. L. Swicord R. Yacovissi D. Zipse Individual Membership Liaison Membership R. B. Anderson C. W. Bickerstaff C. R. Bufer C. Day L. D. Dornetto E. Eisenberger S. M. Fastman W. C. Hammer R. G. Olsen P. Petersen (J. A. DAndrea and W. G. Lotz, alternates) Dennis Bodson Paul L. Borrill Clyde Camp James M. Daly Donald Fleckenstein Jay Forster* David F. Franklin Ingrid Fromm Thomas Hannan Donald N. Heirman Kenneth D. Hendrix John W. Horch Ben C. Johnson Ivor N. Knight Joeseph Koepnger* Irving Kolodny Michael A. Lawler John E.