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1、IEEE Std 1672-2006 IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions I E E E 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 4 May 2007 IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Sponsored by the Ultrawideband Radar Committee Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded
2、on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 1672-2006 IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions Sponsor
3、 Ultrawideband Radar Committee of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Approved 6 December 2006 IEEE-SA Standards Board Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Abstract: The ter
4、ms and definitions used in the field of ultrawideband radar are organized and standardized in this document. Keywords: baseband, carrier-free, GPR, Harmuth orthogonal functions, high resolution radar, impulse radar, nonsinusoidal radar, spread spectrum, terminology, ultrawideband radar, ultra- wideb
5、and radar, video pulse _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 4 May 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a
6、 registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,
7、2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction “Dictionaries are like watches. The worst is better than none at all, and the best do not run true.” Samuel Johnson, English literary critic and lexicographer (17091784) The history o
8、f ultrawideband (UWB) radar goes back to the 1960s when the Rome Air Development Center undertook classified work to locate tunnels and weapons hidden by foliage. The early history has many names, which include baseband radar, impulse radar, nonsinusoidal radar, ground penetrating radar, and video p
9、ulse radar (depending on the nationality of the researcher). The term ultra-wideband emerged about 1988 when the U.S. Department of Defense needed a descriptive name for the emerging technology. In 1990, the Secretary of Defense of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) published Asse
10、ssment of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology,a which established the 25% fractional bandwidth definition. This definition made sense in terms of the limited applications and relatively low frequencies (0.5 GHz to 2 GHz) of the early impulse radar systems and materials penetrating qualities of the signa
11、ls. Publication of Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systemsb and Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology,c edited by James D. Taylor, provided basic sources and encouraged international interest. By 1999, articles with the term ultrawideband (or ultra-wideband) in the title started to appear in radar co
12、nference proceedings and other literature. DARPA-sponsored UWB radar investigations appeared in the Proceedings of the SPIE during the 1990s; however, researchers often failed to apply the term ultrawideband to their systems because no clear definition existed. A political bias related to associatin
13、g UWB with counterstealth helped to suppress the usage. Researching the early literature requires using the older terms and then carefully reading the description of the waveform and technology. A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) review from 2000 to 2002 led to licensing and use of ultrawideb
14、and signals for both radar and communications. The FCC defined UWB as having fractional bandwidth of 20% of center frequency, or 500 MHz. The growing UWB radar community now needs to establish standard definitions that uniquely apply to this technology area. These definitions express and supplement
15、definitions beyond those covered in IEEE Std 686-1997 and preceding standards related to radar and related technologies. This standard promotes clarity and consistency in the use of UWB radar terminology. The definitions represent the consensus (reached after several rounds of review, comment, and r
16、evision) of a panel of radar experts, including authors of several books on radar. It is intended for these definitions to serve as a standardization of meanings. Note that any literature search should include keywords such as impulse radar, Harmuth orthogonal functions, carrier-free, nonsinusoidal,
17、 baseband, video pulse, GPR, etc. The Terminology Committee of the Ultrawideband Radar Systems Panel of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society prepared this standard. They integrated all of the comments, resolved differences, and coordinated this standard with other IEEE standards. Dr. Ja
18、mes Andrews, Dr. Robert J. Fontana, Dr. Malek Hussain, Dr. Igor Y. Immoreev, Dr. Hongbo Sun, and Lieutenant Colonel James D. Taylor, USAF (Retired), all contributed definitions and editorial assistance. _ a OSD/DARPA, Ultra-Wideband Radar Review Panel, Assessment of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology,
19、DRPA, Arlington, VA 1990. b James D. Taylor, Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1995. c James D. Taylor, Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000. This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1672-2006, IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar
20、Definitions. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/r
21、eading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implement
22、ation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applica
23、tions for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Participants At the time this standard was completed, the Ultrawideband Radar Working Group had the following membe
24、rship: Stephen L. Johnston, Chair Joseph A. Bruder, Vice Chair James R. Andrews Terence W. Barrett Victor S. Chernyak Arnold M. Greenspan Robert J. Fontana Izidor C. Gert Henning F. Harmuth Malek G. M. Hussain Igor Y. Immoreev Hammad Kahn Sergey A. Masalov James H. McClellan Robert W. McMillan Eric
25、L. Mokole Ram M. Narayanan Gennadiy P. Pochanin James M. Ralston Marc A. Ressler Frank Sabath Farooz A. Sadjadi Hongbo Sun James D. Taylor Alexander G. Yarovoy Richard J. Yelf v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on D
26、ecember 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Toru Aihara Egor I. Alekseev Butch Anton H. Stephen Berger Joseph A. Bruder Yi-
27、Ming Chen Keith Chow Tommy P. Cooper Michael D. Geipel Izidor C. Gertner James P. Gilb Arnold M. Greenspan Randall C. Groves Timothy E. Harrington Werner Hoelzl Chi Tin Hon Dennis Horwitz Raj Jain Stephen L. Johnston Oh Jongtaek Efthymios G. Karabetsos Stuart J. Kerry Daniel M Lubar William Lumpkins
28、 G. L. Luri Edward M. McCall, II George J. Miao Gary Michel Apurva N. Mody Ram M. Narayanan Michael S. Newman Paul Nikolich Satoshi Obara Chris L. Osterloh Subburajan Ponnuswamy Cam K. Posani Vikram Punj Jose Puthenkulam Marc A. Ressler Robert A. Robinson Frank H. Rocchio Randall M. Safier Osman Sak
29、r John H. Santhoff Bartien Sayogo Thomas E. Starai Walter Struppler Mark A. Sturza Hongbo Sun James D. Taylor Lai King Anna Tee Vathana Thirakul Mark A. Tillinghast Thomas M. Wandeloski Paul R. Work Oren Yuen George A. Zimmerman When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 6 December 2
30、006, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Mark D. Bowman Dennis B. Brophy William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Robert M. Grow Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Mark S. Halpin Kenneth S. Hanus William B.
31、 Hopf Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Daleep C. Mohla T. W. Olsen Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Walter Weigel Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the followin
32、g nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use
33、limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope. 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions 2 B .2 C .2 F2 G.2 I.3 J.3 N.3 O.3 R .3 S3 T3 U.3 vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All righ
34、ts reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restric
35、tions apply. IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions 1. 1.1 1.2 2. Overview Scope This document organizes and standardizes the terms and definitions used in the field of ultrawideband (UWB) radar. Purpose The definitions presented in this standard represent a consensus of UWB radar experts
36、 at the time of publication. Wherever possible, the definitions have been adopted from governing bodies such as the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) responsible for regulating commercial use of UWB radio and radar systems. For historical perspective, alternative definitions used
37、 before the establishment of government standards are also given. UWB radar is a field of radar that is finding multiple applications in the United States and internationally. The purpose of this standard is to promote clarity and consistency in the use of the terminology used in UWB radar applicati
38、ons. Changes to this standard are anticipated, and industry professionals in this area of practice are encouraged to communicate directly concerning issues with the current definitions, suggested changes, and/or the addition of new definitions. Normative references The following referenced documents
39、 are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. FCC 02-48, Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rules Regarding Ult
40、ra-Wideband Systems: First Report and Order, Washington, DC, adopted 14 February 2002, released 22 April 2002.1 1 This publication is available from the Federal Communications Commission, 445 12th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20554, USA (http:/www.fcc.gov/). 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.
41、 Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 1672-2006 IEEE Standard for Ultrawideband Radar Definitions IEEE 100, The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition,
42、 New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.2, 3 IEEE Std 686-1997, IEEE Standard Radar Definitions. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms4 should be referenced for terms not
43、defined in this clause. - B - 3.1 bandwidth: (fh fl), where fh and fl are the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 10 dB below the peak signal. 3.2 baseband radar: A form of UWB radar in which the transmitted signal is at baseband, i.e., without a
44、carrier frequency. Syn: impulse radar. - C - 3.3 carrier-free radar: A form of UWB radar in which the transmitted signal is free of carrier frequency. Syn: impulse radar. 3.4 center frequency: (fh + fl)/2, where fh and fl are the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the
45、signal is at least 10 dB below the peak signal. - F - 3.5 fractional bandwidth: The ratio of signal bandwidth to the average frequency Bf = 2(fh fl)/(fh + fl), where fh and fl are the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 10 dB below the peak signal
46、. - G - 3.6 geometric center frequency: cghl ff f=, where fh and fl are the highest and lowest signal frequencies, respectively, beyond which the signal is at least 3 dB from the peak signal spectrum. 3.7 ground penetrating radar (GPR): A UWB radar set for probing and imaging through the earth, rock
47、 formations, buildings, bridge decks, archeological sites, crime scenes, etc. Ground penetrating radars generally use impulse signals at relatively low frequencies, e.g., below 5 GHz. Generally built as a specialized impulse radar. Syn: subsurface radar. - I - 3.8 impulse radar: A radar in which the
48、 transmitted pulse consists of one or a few cycles of carrier, usually generated by the applications of a short video pulse to a wideband radio-frequency amplifier (e.g., a traveling-wave tube) or directly to a wideband antenna (e.g., a dipole). (See IEEE 100 and IEEE Std 686-1997.) 2 IEEE publicati
49、ons are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855- 1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 3 The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 4 For information on references, see Clause 2. 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University Library. Downloaded on December 25,2010 at 10:19:27 UTC from IEEE Xpl