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1、Fire Investigation Summary Cruise Ship Fire Miami, Florida July 20, 1998 A fire that began with an unsupervised cutting and welding operation resulted in serious damage to the mooring deck of a cruise ship within minutes after getting underway for a Caribbean cruise. The failure to utilize proper cu
2、tting and welding procedures and the delayed discovery of the fire on the mooring deck led to damage throughout the aft portion of the ship. The prompt action of the ships fire brigade limited damage to a single vertical zone. National Fire Protection Association Fire Investigations Department 2000
3、NFPA Fire Investigations Report Summary Miami, Florida Cruise Ship Fire On July 20, 1998, a fire occurred on the passenger cruise ship “Ecstasy,” as the ship was beginning a four-day trip to Cozumel, Mexico from the Port of Miami, Florida. This fire resulted in injuries to 60 people, including both
4、passengers and crewmembers. At the time of the incident the ship was carrying 2557 passengers and 920 crewmembers. The ship was constructed in 1990 in Finland and refurbished in 1995. The ship was 260.6 m (855 ft) in length and 31.7 m (104 ft) wide with a draught of 8 m (26 ft). The ships gross tonn
5、age was 62,827.7 metric tons (70,367 tons). The vessel had a top speed of 40.7 km/h (22 knots) and was powered by two diesel- electric engines. The ship contained 10 accommodation and entertainment decks, which housed a combination of passenger cabins and entertainment areas (i.e., casinos, nightclu
6、bs), as well as numerous dining areas. Most mechanical spaces were located on the lower three decks of the ship, with equipment closets and chases scattered throughout the ship. The aft mooring deck, where the majority of the fire damage occurred, was located on Deck 4 (Riviera Deck). There was a si
7、milar mooring area in the forward portion of the ship on Deck 6 (Upper Deck). The mooring decks contained the large electric winches that controlled several hundred feet of mooring lines. The mooring lines consisted of polypropylene rope of approximately 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) diameter. The laundry area
8、, where the fire is reported to have started, is located on Deck 2, forward of the freshwater tanks. The laundry area consisted of washing and drying machines and associated pressing and folding equipment. While maintenance personnel were conducting repairs on a pressing and folding machine (referre
9、d to as a “mangle”) in the laundry room, an arc from a welding rod reportedly ignited combustible lint in and around the machine. Attempts to extinguish the initial fire were unsuccessful as personnel were driven from the laundry area by smoke. As personnel were exiting the area the laundry room man
10、ager activated the fire alarm. Smoke began to spread to the decks above and below the laundry area. Reports and alarms were initially received for smoke on Deck Nos. 1 through 5. Upon investigation by fire brigade members, smoke and fire was discovered on the aft mooring deck (Deck 4). The on-board
11、fire brigade was called upon and began to deploy to the aft portion of the ship. The brigade members closed fire doors and monitored the conditions in the deck areas surrounding the laundry room and the mooring deck. An intense fire was discovered on the aft mooring deck, apparently fueled by pallet
12、s of polypropylene rope. As the fire on the mooring deck grew in intensity, thick black smoke was seen billowing from the rear of the ship. This smoke became visible to United States Coast Guard cameras at the Port of Miami as well as residents of the Miami Beach area. The Coast Guard contacted the
13、ships captain at 5:30 p.m. and asked about the smoke condition. At that point the captain indicated that the crew was controlling the fire and they needed no ? 2000 NFPA Fire Investigations Report Summary Miami, Florida Cruise Ship Fire further assistance. Approximately 30 minutes later, the captain
14、 contacted the Coast Guard to request assistance. Coast Guard and other fire-fighting vessels were dispatched to the ships location, now about five kilometers (2.7 miles) northeast of Miami Beach. In the meantime the ship had lost control of propulsion systems and began to drift northward. The Coast
15、 Guard and private assistance began arriving between 6:00 and 6:25 p.m. The combination of the ships fire brigade and the fire-fighting vessels brought the fire under control around 7:15 p.m. The vessel was then towed back to the Port of Miami and arrived at 2:20 a.m. on July 21, 1998. Once in port,
16、 those passengers and crewmembers that required further medical attention were transported to local hospitals. The injuries included smoke inhalation and chest pains. Seven were hospitalized overnight and another two remained in the hospital for an additional day for observation. Fire damage was cen
17、tered on the aft mooring deck (4), the thruster equipment room on Deck 1, the dry goods storage area on Deck 3, and the aft portion of the Main deck (5). Smoke and water damage was experienced throughout the aft portion of the ship on all decks. Sprinklers activated on Decks 3 through 7. The ship wa
18、s moored in the Port of Miami for four days while the investigation was conducted. The ship left on Friday July 24, 1998, under its own power and sailed to Newport News, Virginia, where extensive repairs were completed. The ship was placed back into service on September 18, 1998. On the basis of the
19、 fire investigation and analysis, the NFPA has determined that the following factors directly contributed to the fire: Cutting and welding without proper precautions Delay in discovery of the fire on the mooring deck Avenue of fire spread through ventilation ducts containing lint and dust accumulati
20、ons Photo showing damage on the port side of the ship, outside the mooring deck. The arrow shows the location of the bulkhead where the fire brigade held the fires spread. (NFPA) Written by Robert Duval, Senior Fire Investigator NFPA Fire Investigations Department ? 2000 NFPA Fire Investigations Rep
21、ort Summary Miami, Florida - Cruise Ship Fire Fire Investigation Summary Cruise Ship Fire Miami, Florida July 20, 1998 Related reports published by the NFPA Fire Investigations Department include: Fishing Vessel Seward, AK 5/27/95 Cruise Ship Miami, FL 8/20/84 Cruise Ship Port Canaveral, FL 3/9/84 A
22、 select number of reports (including this one) are now available in electronic format from the NFPA Online Catalog. More information is available at: http:/catalog.nfpa.org The National Fire Protection Associations Fire Investigations Department documents some of the most significant fires and incid
23、ents throughout the world. The objective of these investigations is to determine what lessons can be learned from these incidents. The information is then made available to the fire safety community to be used in developing future codes and standards. A complete listing of reports is available, eith
24、er upon request or can be viewed on our web page. NFPA Fire Investigations Department 1 Batterymarch Park PO Box 9101 Quincy, MA 02269-9101 USA 1-617-984-7263 (tel) 1-617-984-7110 (fax) investigationsnfpa.org http:/www.nfpa.org Full printed copies of this report or any other Fire Investigation Repor
25、t can be ordered, for a fee, by contacting NFPAs Charles S. Morgan Library. 1-617-984-7445 (tel) 1-617-984-7060 (fax) librarynfpa.org This summary may be reproduced in whole or in part for fire safety educational purposes so long as the meaning of the summary is not altered, credit is given to the N
26、ational Fire Protection Association, and the copyright of the NFPA is protected. This may not be used for advertising or commercial purposes without the express consent of the NFPA. Each use shall include the following statement, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. ? Cruise Ship Fire M
27、iami, Florida July 20, 1998 ? Cruise Ship Fire Miami, Florida July 20, 1998 Prepared by Robert F. Duval Senior Fire Investigator National Fire Protection Association Guy Colonna Chief Chemical and Marine Engineer National Fire Protection Association ? 2000 National Fire Protection Association Cruise
28、 Ship Fire Report Miami, FL Page 1 Abstract On July 20, 1998, a fire occurred on the passenger cruise ship “Ecstasy,” as the ship was beginning a four-day trip to Cozumel, Mexico from the Port of Miami, Florida. This fire resulted in injuries to 60 people, including both passengers and crewmembers.
29、At the time of the incident the ship was carrying 2557 passengers and 920 crewmembers. The ship was constructed in 1990 in Finland and refurbished in 1995. The ship is 260.6 m (855 ft) in length and 31.7 m (104 ft) wide with a draught of 8 m (26 ft). The ships gross tonnage is 62,827.7 metric tons (
30、70,367 tons). The vessel has a top speed of 40.7 km/h (22 knots) and is powered by two diesel- electric engines. The ship contains 10 accommodation and entertainment decks, that houses a combination of passenger cabins and entertainment areas (i.e., casinos, nightclubs), as well as numerous dining a
31、reas. Most mechanical spaces are located on the lower three decks of the ship, with equipment closets and chases scattered throughout the ship. The aft mooring deck, where the majority of the fire damage occurred, is located on Deck 4 (Riviera Deck). There is a similar mooring area in the forward po
32、rtion of the ship on Deck 6 (Upper Deck). The mooring decks contain the large electric winches that control several hundred feet of mooring lines. The mooring lines consist of polypropylene rope of approximately 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) diameter. The laundry area, where the fire is reported to have starte
33、d, is located on Deck 2, forward of the freshwater tanks. The laundry area consisted of washing and drying machines and associated pressing and folding equipment. While maintenance personnel were conducting repairs on a pressing and folding machine (referred to as a “mangle”) in the laundry room, an
34、 arc from a welding rod reportedly ignited combustible lint in and around the machine. Attempts to extinguish the initial fire were unsuccessful as personnel were driven from the laundry area by smoke. As personnel were exiting the area, the laundry room manager activated the fire alarm. Smoke began
35、 to spread to the decks above and below the laundry area. Reports and alarms were initially received for smoke on Deck Nos. 1 through 5. Upon investigation by fire brigade members, smoke and fire was discovered on the aft mooring deck (Deck 4). The on-board fire brigade was called upon and began to
36、deploy to the aft portion of the ship. The brigade members closed fire doors and monitored the conditions in the deck areas surrounding the laundry room and the mooring deck. An intense fire was discovered on the aft mooring deck, apparently fueled by pallets of polypropylene NFPA Fire Investigation
37、s Department One Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02269 USA Phone: 617-984-7263 Fax: 617-984-7110 Email: investigationsnfpa.org Web site: www.nfpa.org ? 2000 National Fire Protection Association Cruise Ship Fire Report Miami, FL Page 2 rope. As the fire on the mooring deck grew in intensity, thick black
38、 smoke was seen billowing from the rear of the ship. This smoke became visible to United States Coast Guard cameras at the Port of Miami as well as residents of the Miami Beach area. The Coast Guard contacted the ships captain at 5:30 p.m. and asked about the smoke condition. At that point the capta
39、in indicated that the crew was controlling the fire and they needed no further assistance. Approximately 30 minutes later, the captain contacted the Coast Guard to request assistance. Coast Guard and other fire-fighting vessels were dispatched to the ships location, now about five kilometers (2.7 mi
40、les) northeast of Miami Beach. In the meantime, the ship had lost control of propulsion systems and began to drift northward. The Coast Guard and private assistance began arriving between 6:00 and 6:25 p.m. The combination of the ships fire brigade and the fire-fighting vessels brought the fire unde
41、r control around 7:15 p.m. The vessel was then towed back to the Port of Miami and arrived at 2:20 a.m. on July 21, 1998. Once in port, those passengers and crewmembers that required further medical attention were transported to local hospitals. The injuries included smoke inhalation and chest pains
42、. Seven were hospitalized overnight and another two remained in the hospital for an additional day for observation. Fire damage was centered on the aft mooring deck (4), the thruster equipment room on Deck 1, the dry goods storage area on Deck 3, and the aft portion of the Main Deck (5). Smoke and w
43、ater damage was experienced throughout the aft portion of the ship on all decks. Sprinklers activated on Decks 3 through 7. The ship was moored in the Port of Miami for four days while the investigation was conducted. The ship left on Friday July 24, 1998, under its own power and sailed to Newport N
44、ews, Virginia, where extensive repairs were completed. The ship was placed back into service on September 18, 1998. On the basis of the fire investigation and analysis, the NFPA has determined that the following factors directly contributed to the fire: Cutting and welding without proper precautions
45、 Delay in discovery of the fire on the mooring deck Avenue of fire spread through ventilation ducts containing lint and dust accumulations ? 2000 National Fire Protection Association Cruise Ship Fire Report Miami, FL Page 3 Contents Page I. Introduction 4 II. Background 5 Ship Fire Protection Featur
46、es SOLAS Weather III. The Fire 14 Discovery Fire Brigade Response Outside Assistance IV. Time Line 17 V. Analysis 19 VI. Conclusion 25 VII. NFPA Documents 27 VIII. Appendix Tables from Lloyds Register of Shipping Report on Shipboard Fires ? 2000 National Fire Protection Association Cruise Ship Fire
47、Report Miami, FL Page 4 Introduction The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) investigated the cruise ship fire in order to document and analyze significant factors that resulted in the ignition and spread of fire within the vessel. The study was conducted by the NFPA as part of an ongoing pr
48、ogram to investigate technically significant incidents. The NFPAs Fire Investigations Department documents and analyzes incident details so that it can report lessons learned for life safety and property loss purposes. The NFPA became aware of the Miami, Florida cruise ship incident the day it occur
49、red. NFPA Chief Chemical and Marine Engineer Guy Colonna and Fire Investigator Robert Duval traveled to Florida to meet with investigators from: the National Transportation Safety Board; the Florida State Fire Marshals Office; the Metro-Dade County Fire Marshals Office and Police Department; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; the Un