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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCU
3、MENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.org Copyright 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Submitted for recognition as an American
4、National Standard J1139 REAF. JUL1999 Issued1977-09 Reaffirmed1999-07 Superseding J1139 APR1994 Direction-of-Motion Stereotypes for Automotive Hand Controls Foreword This Document has changed only to comply with the new SAE Technical Standards Board format. Definitions changed to Section 3. All othe
5、r section numbers have changed accordingly. 1.Scope The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to present design recommendations for the direction-of-motion of hand controls found in passenger vehicles, multipurpose vehicles, and trucks. These recommendations are based on recent and past human
6、factors research and are important considerations in the design of control layouts. This document supersedes Figure 1 of SAE J1139 (9). 1.1Background Drivers develop expectations regarding the operating motions of various types of controls as a result of their accumulated experience with automotive
7、and nonautomotive controls. To simplify the operation of controls for drivers, the direction-of-motion to operate these controls should conform to these expectations or stereotypes. Failure to conform to direction-of-motion stereotypes can lead to actuation errors, longer operating times, and an inc
8、rease in driver workload. A number of past studies have addressed the issue of direction-of-motion stereotypes for various automotive hand controls (1,2,3,4,8). These results indicate that the strength of a stereotype varies with the control configuration (control type, location, orientation, and mo
9、unting plane). SAE has recently completed research (6,7) aimed at broadening the scope and generality of the previous findings by addressing other control orientations, including controls mounted on stalks and on inclined surfaces. Some specific control functions such as power windows and power mirr
10、ors were also studied. The SAE study demonstrated that stereotype strength is not related to driver age, gender, or handedness. This document is based on the SAE study, past research, and general human factors principles (10). Nearly all of the previous research on direction stereotypes in motor veh
11、icles has been conducted in the United States. The extent to which these stereotypes apply to drivers of other nationalities or cultures, or to operators of right-hand drive vehicles, is unknown at this time. There is a need for other countries to study their direction-of-motion stereotypes. Control
12、 labeling and tactile or shape coding are not addressed in this document; however, previous research (5) has shown that appropriate labeling and coding can improve the accuracy of control use. SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -2- 2.References 2.1Applicable Publications The following publications form a
13、part of this specification to the extent specified herein. 1.McGrath, J.J., “SAE Study of Vehicle Controls Location“ (Report No. 182-11), Santa Barbara, CA, Anacapa Sciences, Inc., March, 1974 2.McGrath, J.J., “Driver Expectancy and Performance in Locating Automotive Controls“ (SAE SP-407), Warrenda
14、le, PA, SAE, February, 1976 3.Black, T.L., Woodson, W.E., and Selby, P.H., “Development of Recommendations to Improve Controls Operability“ (Report No. DOT-HS-6-01445), Washington, DC, US Department of Transportation, 1977 4.Green, P., Kerst, J., Ottens, D., Goldstein, S., and Adams, S., “Driver Pre
15、ferences for Secondary Controls,“ Tech. Report UMTRI-87-47 (NTIS No. PB 90 150541/AS), Ann Arbor, MI, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, October, 1987 5.Jack, D.D., “Rocker Switch Tactile Coding and Direction-of-Motion Stereotypes,“ Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting,
16、Santa Monica, CA, Human Factors Society, 1985, pp. 437-441 6.McFarlene, J. and Wierwille, W.W., “Overview of a Study on Direction-of-Motion Stereotype Strengths for Automobile Controls“ (SAE Paper 910115), Warrendale, PA, SAE, February, 1991 7.McFarlene, J. and Wierwille, W.W., “Study of Direction-o
17、f-Motion Stereotypes for Automobile Controls“ (ISE Report 90-02), Blacksburg, VA, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, August, 1990 8.McGrath, J.J., “Analysis of the Expectancies of European Drivers and the Commonality of Automotive Control Locations in European Cars“ (Report TM 247-
18、1), Santa Barbara, CA, Anacapa Sciences, Inc., September, 1974 9.SAE J1139 (SEP1977), “Supplemental Information Driver Hand Controls Location for Passenger Cars, Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles, and Trucks (10 000 GVW and Under),“ Vol. 4, SAE Handbook, Warrendale, PA, SAE 10. Benedict, D. and Rupp,
19、 G.L., “Additional Documentation for the Direction-of-Motion Recommended Practice,“ Letter to SAE Control and Display Subcommittee, Troy, MI, SAE, April, 1994 3.Definitions 3.1Control Configuration A particular combination of control type, location, orientation, and mounting plane. 3.2Direction-of-M
20、otion Stereotype For a given control configuration, the direction of control motion expected by a majority of people to achieve a given effect. The strength of a direction stereotype is measured by the percentage of people who activate the control in that direction. 3.3Controls for ON or INCREASE Co
21、ntrols whose function is to turn something on/off or to increase/decrease some unspecified effect. 3.4Controls for Specific Functions Controls used to activate some specific function or achieve a specific effect such as: lock or unlock doors, raise or lower windows, and turn on headlamps, headlamp h
22、igh beams, or windshield wipers. 4.Design Recommendations 4.1Introduction Figures 1 to 5 show the recommended direction of motion and control orientation for controls mounted on each of three orthogonal planes: Horizontal (X-Y plane), Vertical-Transverse (Y-Z plane), and Vertical-Longitudinal (X-Z p
23、lane). Some of the figures also include inclined mounting planes. The direction-of- motion stereotypes are indicated by the solid arrows on each control configuration. Those control configurations which exhibited an exceptionally strong stereotype are identified in each figure. A few control configu
24、rations were found to have weak stereotypes. These are shown in the figures with an X drawn through them to indicate that they are not recommended control configurations. SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -3- FIGURE 1 CONTROLS FOR ON OR INCREASE SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -4- FIGURE 2 STALK CONTROLS FO
25、R ON OR INCREASE SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -5- FIGURE 3 POWER MIRROR CONTROLS SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -6- FIGURE 4 POWER WINDOW CONTROLS SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -7- FIGURE 5 WINDOW REGULATORS (CRANK) 4.2Controls for ON or INCREASE (Figures 1 and 2) Generally, for the control configurati
26、ons shown, the direction stereotypes for ON or INCREASE are: up, forward, right, pull toward (push/pull knob or stalk), and rotate over the top. Avoid rockers mounted in a fore/aft orientation on a surface sloping down and away from drivers, and toggles mounted in a fore/aft orientation on a vertica
27、l-longitudinal (X-Z) plane. 4.3Controls for Specific Functions A variety of controls have been used for controlling specific functions in motor vehicles. Some controls in common use for specific functions are discussed here. Other controls may also be appropriate for these functions. It is not the i
28、ntent of this document to restrict the type of control which may be used for a specific function. Recommendations for controls which regulate a component movement (e.g., power mirror control) are given in Figures 3 to 5. Stalks which control turn signal, headlamp, and wiper functions are discussed i
29、n 4.3.4. As a general rule, stereotypes are strongest when the orientation and motion of the control correspond to the orientation and motion of the controlled element. Avoid mounting power mirror and power window switches on surfaces that slope down and away from drivers. 4.3.1POWER MIRROR CONTROLS
30、 (FIGURE 3) Direction labels on the 4-way pad control and arrows on the joystick control indicate stereotypes for moving the mirror field of view up, down, left, or right. These labels are used for illustration purposes only and are not part of this document. Stereotypes are very strong for mounting
31、 planes angled 30 degrees or more out from the door plane so the switch faces the driver. Mirror switches mounted in a vertical-transverse plane also have very strong stereotypes. It is likely that mounting planes inclined as much as 45 to 60 degrees from vertical-transverse toward horizontal would
32、also produce very strong stereotypes, but these mounting planes were not included in the SAE study. The 4-way pad switch should not be mounted in the door plane (vertical-longitudinal). SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 -8- 4.3.2POWER WINDOW CONTROLS (FIGURE 4) In Figure 4, the solid arrows indicate the
33、control and the direction to lower the left front window. Toggle or rocker controls which are mounted on surfaces that are horizontal or angled up from horizontal (0 to 60 degrees) and with a 2x2 fore-aft switch configuration, have a very strong stereotype for both window selection (left, right, fro
34、nt, rear) and direction of operation. A 2x2 switch configuration mounted on a vertical plane parallel with the door panel and all 1x4 switch configurations are not recommended, because the switch layout does not correspond to the window layout (in plan view). 4.3.3WINDOW REGULATORS (CRANKS) (FIGURE
35、5) Window cranks on both the left and right side should be oriented so that the handle points forward and is about 45 degrees above horizontal when the window is fully raised. Angles from 15 to 75 degrees above horizontal are acceptable. It is also desirable that the handle points forward when the w
36、indow is fully lowered, however other concerns such as rotational effort and travel must be considered. To lower the left window(s), the left-side crank should be rotated clockwise. To lower the right window(s), the right-side crank should be rotated counterclockwise. 4.3.4STALK-MOUNTED CONTROLS (FI
37、GURE 2) Raising or lowering the left stalk on left-hand drive vehicles is the expected motion for signalling a right or left turn respectively. Rotating the left stalk over the top is the direction stereotype for turning on windshield wipers or headlamps. Pulling the left stalk is the expected motio
38、n for turning the headlamp high beam on. The expected motion to turn on windshield wipers mounted on the right stalk is either raising the stalk or rotating it over the top. 4.3.5POWER DOOR LOCKS No stereotype was found for the most commonly used configurations of rocker switches. Labels and/or tact
39、ile coding should be used for the lock and/or unlock settings of switches that control power door locks. PREPARED BY THE SAE CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS STANDARDS COMMITTEE SAE J1139 Reaffirmed JUL1999 Rationale This reaffirmed document has been changed only to conform to the SAE Technical Standards Board
40、 format. Definitions have changed to Section 3. All other section numbers have changed accordingly. Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard Not applicable. Application The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to present design recommendations for the direction-of-motion of hand controls
41、found in passenger vehicles, multipurpose vehicles, and trucks. These recommendations are based on recent and past human factors research and are important considerations in the design of control layouts. This document supersedes Figure 1 of SAE J1139 (9). Reference Section McGrath, J.J., “SAE Study
42、 of Vehicle Controls Location“ (Report No. 182-11), Santa Barbara, CA, Anacapa Sciences, Inc., March, 1974 McGrath, J.J., “Driver Expectancy and Performance in Locating Automotive Controls“ (SAE SP-407), Warrendale, PA, SAE, February, 1976 Black, T.L., Woodson, W.E., and Selby, P.H., “Development of
43、 Recommendations to Improve Controls Operability“ (Report No. DOT-HS-6-01445), Washington, DC, US Department of Transportation, 1977 Green, P., Kerst, J., Ottens, D., Goldstein, S., and Adams, S., “Driver Preferences for Secondary Controls,“ Tech. Report UMTRI-87-47 (NTIS No. PB 90 150541/AS), Ann A
44、rbor, MI, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, October, 1987 Jack, D.D., “Rocker Switch Tactile Coding and Direction-of-Motion Stereotypes,“ Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA, Human Factors Society, 1985, pp. 437-441 McFarlane, J. and Wierwille, W.W.,
45、“Overview of a Study on Direction-of-Motion Stereotype Strengths for Automobile Controls“ (SAE Paper 910115), Warrendale, PA, SAE, February, 1991 McFarlane, J. and Wierwille, W.W., “Study of Direction-of-Motion Stereotypes for Automobile Controls“ (ISE Report 90-02), Blacksburg, VA, Virginia Polytec
46、hnic Institute and State University, August, 1990 McGrath, J.J., “Analysis of the Expectancies of European Drivers and the Commonality of Automotive Control Locations in European Cars“ (Report TM 247-1), Santa Barbara, CA, Anacapa Sciences, Inc., September, 1974 SAE J1139 (SEP1977), “Supplemental In
47、formation Driver Hand Controls Location for Passenger Cars, Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles, and Trucks (10 000 GVW and Under),“ Vol. 4, SAE Handbook, Warrendale, PA, SAE Benedict, D. and Rupp, G.L., “Additional Documentation for the Direction-of-Motion Recommended Practice,“ Letter to SAE Control and Display Subcommittee, Troy, MI, SAE, April, 1994 Developed by the SAE Controls and Displays Standards Committee