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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCU
3、MENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.org Copyright 1996 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Submitted for recognition as an American
4、National Standard J1646 ISSUED JUL96 Issued1996-07 GLOSSARY OF TERMSLUBRICATED FRICTION SYSTEMS 1.ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice defines the principal terms and equations pertaining to automotive automatic transmission clutch plate, band, or other wet-friction systems. The terms apply directly t
5、o friction- system testing as is typically conducted on inertia-stop test equipment. Some terms can be directly applied to the analysis of friction in the transmission or brake assembly and other friction-test equipment. The glossary presents terms used to describe the set-up, testing, and results o
6、f tests as shown in Figure 1, which were taken on a clutch SAE No. 2 machine. FIGURE 1SAMPLE TESTS SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -2- The glossary is intended to provide a collection of definitions in the hope of eliminating confusion in terminology and a common set of terms for improving the state-of-the-a
7、rt of friction-system development and their application to passenger cars and trucks. This document focuses on the terminology of friction-system testing. References for this type of testing are shown in Section 2. 2.References 2.1Related PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this sp
8、ecification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE J286SAE No. 2 Clutch Friction Test Machine Guidelines SAE J1499Band Friction Test Machine (SAE) Guidelines SAE
9、 Paper 670051Putting Automatic Transmission Clutch Friction Researchers on Speaking Terms 2.1.2FORD MOTOR COMPANY PUBLICATIONAvailable from Ford Motor Company, Components Engineering Department, 36200 Plymouth Road, Box 14, Livonia, MI 48150-1442. Ford MERCON Specification 2.1.3GENERAL MOTORS PUBLIC
10、ATIONAvailable from General Motors Corporation, Powertrain Division, M/C 965, Ecorse and Wiard Roads, Ypsilanti, MI 48198-6918. GM DEXRON-III Specification, GM6297M 3.DefinitionsSee Table 1. 4.Friction System 4.1Friction Elements 4.1.1FRICTION SURFACES, nf Number of surfaces wherein a friction mater
11、ial and a reaction surface are in contact. 4.1.2GROSS AREA, Ag Total area of friction material per friction surface. This area includes material not in contact because of grooves, holes, slots, etc. 4.1.3NET AREA, An This area does not include material not in contact because of grooves, holes, slots
12、, etc. See Equation 1: (Eq. 1)AnAg(Noncontacting Area)= SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -3- TABLE 1SYMBOLOGY AND INDEX NotationNameSection AgGross area3.1.2 An Net area3.1.3 Ap Apply piston area4.1.1 CpClutch pack clearance3.3.1 EEnergy5.2.1 FAApply force4.1.3 HAverage power5.3.1 Ie Effective Inertia5.1 NBre
13、akaway drive speed8.4.1 PpApply pressure4.1.2 QFlow rate7.1.4 T Period of time6.2 V Fill volume7.2 ci Interface clearance3.3.2 egGross energy flux5.2.2 enNet energy flux5.2.3 hg Gross power flux5.3.2 hn Net power flux5.3.3 nfFriction surfaces3.1.1 nr Reaction surfaces3.2.2 pg Gross unit pressure4.2.
14、1 pn Net unit pressure4.2.2 q Specific flow rate7.1.5 E/M Endpoint-to-midpoint ratio8.4.1 t Time interval5.1 Speed change5.1 Reaction plate thickness3.2.1 Friction coefficient8.2 Torque time6.3.4 Torque6.4 SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -4- 4.1.4EFFECTIVE RADIUS, re The radius of annular clutch-friction mat
15、erial at which the sum of the frictional forces effectively act. See Equation 2: (Eq. 2) 4.2Reaction Elements 4.2.1REACTION PLATE THICKNESS, r Thickness of reaction plate or the frictional material core plate if single- sided plates. 4.2.2REACTION SURFACES, nr Number of working reaction surfaces whi
16、ch contribute to the torque output. 4.3Installation Setup 4.3.1CLUTCH PACK CLEARANCE, CP Axial clearance in the clutch pack when the apply force is released. 4.3.2INTERFACE CLEARANCE, ci Average axial distance between reacting surfaces when the apply force is released. See Equation 3: (Eq. 3) 5.Appl
17、y System 5.1Apply Force 5.1.1APPLY PISTON AREA, Ap Effective area of the piston on which the pressure acts to generate the apply force. 5.1.2APPLY PRESSURE, Pp Pressure acting on the apply piston area to generate the apply force. 5.1.3APPLY FORCE, FA Measured directly or calculated. See Equation 4:
18、(Eq. 4) 5.1.4FORCE APPLIEDThis indicates that force is applied to engage the friction elements. 5.1.5FORCE RELEASEDThe apply force on the friction elements has been removed. 5.2Friction Material Pressures 5.2.1GROSS UNIT PRESSURE, pgApply force divided by the gross area. See Equation 5: (Eq. 5) Stop
19、 time6.3.3 Angle of wrap8.2 TABLE 1SYMBOLOGY AND INDEX NotationNameSection re 2 r3 0 r3 i 3 r2 0 r2 i - -= cicpnf= FAApPp= pg FA Ag -= SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -5- 5.2.2NET UNIT PRESSURE, pn Apply force divided by the contact area. See Equation 6: (Eq. 6) 6.Energy System 6.1Effective Inertia, IeRotati
20、ng inertia which the friction elements work against. See Equation 7: (Eq. 7) where: dAvg = Average torque over the time period t 6.2Energy 6.2.1 ENERGY, E Work done by the friction element during a dynamic engagement. See Equation 8: (Eq. 8) 6.2.2GROSS ENERGY FLUX, eg Energy divided by the total gro
21、ss area. See Equation 9: (Eq. 9) 6.2.3NET ENERGY FLUX, en Energy divided by the total contact area. See Equation 10: (Eq. 10) 6.3Power 6.3.1AVERAGE POWER, HAverage power during the engagement. See Equation 11: (Eq. 11) 6.3.2GROSS POWER FLUX, hgAverage power divided by the total gross area. See Equat
22、ion 12: (Eq. 12) 6.3.3NET POWER FLUX, hn Average power divided by the total contact area. See Equation 13: (Eq. 13) 7.System Measurements/Controls 7.1Modes of OperationTypical modes of operation are: dynamic engagement, breakaway, continuous-slip, and drag. pn FA An -= Ie dAvgt - -= E 1 2 - -le2= eg
23、 E nfAg - -= en E nfAn - -= H E - -= hg H nfAg - -= hn H nfAn - -= SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -6- 7.1.1DYNAMIC ENGAGEMENTA test of the friction system by the application of a specified apply force schedule from a specific engagement speed (see Figures 2, 3, and 4). FIGURE 2DYNAMIC ENGAGEMENT SAE J1646 I
24、ssued JUL96 -7- FIGURE 3START OF ENGAGEMENT SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -8- FIGURE 4END OF ENGAGEMENT 7.1.2BREAKAWAYA test of the friction system when the drive motor is off and the breakaway device accelerates the applied friction elements from zero to a specified rotational speed. This test is typicall
25、y conducted at a specified time following a dynamic engagement (see Figure 5). SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -9- FIGURE 5BREAKAWAY 7.1.3CONTINUOUS-SLIPA test wherein the drive motor maintains a specified rotational speed with the friction elements applied. 7.1.4DRAGA test wherein the drive motor maintains
26、a specified rotational speed with the apply force off. 7.2CycleA series of events repeated during friction-system testing. Periods in a cycle may include a fluid temperature stabilization period, a coast period to the desired engagement speed, apply period, and cooling period. When breakaway frictio
27、n measurements are made, a cycle may include dwell, soak, and breakaway periods (see Figures 1 and 6). SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -10- FIGURE 6EXAMPLE CYCLE 7.2.1STABILIZATION PERIOD, T1Period of time following the cooling period when the clutch is released and rotating at the stabilization speed. The s
28、tabilization period is completed when all conditions of speed and temperature have reached equilibrium or steady-state conditions (there are no transients present). The stabilization speed must be greater than or equal to the engagement speed (see Figure 6). 7.2.2COAST PERIOD, T2Period of time when
29、the drive motor is off and the apply force is released and, because of drag, the rotational speed coasts down to the desired engagement speed (see Figure 6). 7.2.3APPLY PERIOD, T3Period of time, which includes the dynamic engagement mode, when the drive motor is coasting and force is applied (see Fi
30、gures 2 and 6). 7.2.4DWELL PERIOD, T4Period of time when the friction elements are at zero speed and the apply force is released (see Figure 6). 7.2.5SOAK PERIOD, T5Period of time when the friction elements are at zero speed and the force is applied (see Figure 6). 7.2.6BREAKAWAY PERIOD, T6Period of
31、 time when the drive motor is not rotating and the applied friction elements are accelerated by the breakaway drive to a specified rotational speed (see Figures 5 and 6). 7.2.7COOLING PERIOD, T7Period of time when the apply force is zero and the friction elements are rotating at some pre-set speed.
32、This cooling speed may be the stabilization speed (see Figure 6). 7.3Time, tTime as measured from the start threshold of a mode within a given period (see Figures 2, 3, and 5). 7.3.1START THRESHOLDA predetermined level of either apply pressure, force, speed, or torque which is used to establish zero
33、-time in a mode (see Figures 3 and 5). SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -11- 7.3.2STOP THRESHOLDA predetermined level of either speed or torque which is used to establish the end of a mode (see Figure 4). 7.3.3STOP TIME, Time interval between start and stop threshold during a dynamic engagement (see Figure 2)
34、. 7.3.4TORQUE TIME, Time interval from the start threshold to the point of measurement during a breakaway test (see Figure 5). 7.4Torque, 7.4.1FRICTION TORQUETorque generated by the application of the friction system (see Figures 3 and 6). 7.4.2DRAG TORQUETorque generated when the friction elements
35、are rotated and there is no apply force on the elements. 7.5Speed, 7.5.1ROTATIONAL SPEEDRelative rotational speed of friction elements with respect to the reaction elements. 7.5.2ENGAGEMENT SPEEDThe relative rotational speed of the friction elements at the start of the engagement (see Figure 2). 8.L
36、ubrication System 8.1Flow Configurations 8.1.1GRAVITY FLOWThis represents the configuration wherein the head top fitting is connected to the bottom of a vented reservoir located above the head (see Figure 7a). 8.1.2CENTRIFUGAL FLOWThis represents the configuration wherein discharge from the head is
37、connected to a vented reservoir located above the head and a return line is provided from the bottom of the reservoir to the centerline of the cover. A flow meter may be installed in the line to the cover (see Figure 7b). 8.1.3EXTERNAL FLOWThis represents the configuration wherein an external pump s
38、upplies fluid at a specific flow rate through a line to the centerline of the cover. A flow meter may be installed in the line to the cover (see Figure 7c). 8.1.4FLOW RATE, QFluid flow rate to the test head at a specific time in the cycle. 8.1.5SPECIFIC FLOW RATE, qFlow rate per unit area of frictio
39、n material, computed as shown in Equation 14: (Eq. 14) 8.2Fill Volume, VThe volume of fluid used in the test. q Q nfAg - -= SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -12- FIGURE 7FLOW CONFIGURATIONS SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -13- 8.3Fill LevelFill level is measured by a sight gage when the test fluid is at room temperatu
40、re, the test fixture is fully assembled, all rotating components are stationary, and the apply force is off. 8.4Fluid Control TemperatureThe fluid temperature that is measured at a specific location in the test head at a specific time in the cycle. 9.Analysis 9.1ConventionsThese conventions are to b
41、e used when reporting results in order to define the specifics of the measurements. Test conditions such as engagement speed, apply pressure, inertia, breakaway motor speed, and control temperature are to be specified in the test procedure. The conventions do not define the test conditions, but spec
42、ify the time and speed during the cycle when the data is reported. 9.2Friction Coefficient, The Greek letter, , is used to represent the coefficient of friction. a.For plate testing (see SAE J286) use Equation 15: (Eq. 15) b.For band testing (see SAE J1499) use Equation 16: (Eq. 16) where: rd= Radiu
43、s of the drum = Angle of the wrap To indicate a dynamic engagement coefficient, use the subscript d immediately after the symbol. The subscript s is used for breakaway and continuous-slip measurements. Subscripts before the symbol indicate the time basis of measurement (units of seconds are assumed)
44、. For example: 2d would describe the dynamic coefficient of friction 2 s into an engagement. Subscripts following the symbol indicate the speed basis of measurement (units of r/min are assumed). Therefore, d100 would indicate a measurement of the dynamic coefficient at 100 r/min during an engagement
45、. For continuous-slip measurements 2hd200 would indicate data taken after 2 h of slip at 200 r/min. This continuous-slip example indicates that the convention is meant to be flexible. The time and speed units need not be seconds or r/min. If other units are used, the units must be explicitly stated.
46、 The goal is to have the manner in which the coefficient was obtained clearly specified in the notation. reFAnf - -= 1 - -In PpAprd+ PpAprd - - Energized 1 - -In PpAprd PpAprd - - De-energized= = SAE J1646 Issued JUL96 -14- The symbol 50%d, for example, represents the dynamic coefficient measured at
47、 the midpoint of the stop time. Note that the speed subscript is not required since the percent of stop-time is sufficient to specify how the data was obtained. Additional subscripts are given as follows: a.MaxMaximum b.AvgAverage 9.2.1EXAMPLESExamples of proper and improper use follow. a.Improper s
48、Conditions of measurement not specified s0.72Speed of 0.72 r/min specified but time not indicated dConditions of measurement not specified b.Proper 0-25%dMaxMaximum dynamic coefficient in first quarter of stop time or 25%dMax 0-100%dAvgAverage dynamic coefficient over the entire stop time 50%dDynamic coefficient at half of stop time d1800Dynamic coefficient at 1800 r/min 75-100%dMaxMaximum dynamic coefficient in last quarter of stop time or 75%dMax 0.2sMax5Maximum breakaway coefficient at 5 r/min in first two te