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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCU
3、MENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.org Copyright 1991 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 INFORMATION REPORT J2217 ISSUED OCT91 Issued1991-10 PHOTOMETRI
4、C GUIDELINES FOR INSTRUMENT PANEL DISPLAYS THAT ACCOMMODATE OLDER DRIVERS 1.ScopePhysical parameters that influence the legibility of an instrument panel display include letter/graphic size, the luminance and color difference between graphics and background, the observers luminance adaptation level,
5、 and the level of glare present. Several aspects of visual functioning deteriorate as part of the normal aging process. These include a reduction in luminance and color contrast sensitivity, an increase in sensitivity to glare, a reduction in visual accommodation capacity, and a reduction in the sen
6、sitivity to light. This SAE Information Report provides introductory information that should be considered when setting photometric guidelines for instrument panel displays that are designed to accommodate the older driver. More detailed information is provided in Section 2 of this document. 2.Refer
7、ences 2.1Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. 1.Wyszecki, G., and Stiles, W.S. (1982), Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formula (2nd edition), New York: John Wiley and Sons. 2.Poynter, D. (1988),
8、 “The Effects of Aging on Perception of Visual Displays,“ SAE 881754, Warrendale, PA. 3.Poynter, D. (1991), “Contrast Sensitivity and English Letter Recognition,“ Proceedings of the 1991 Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, September 26, San Francisco, CA. 4.Blackwell, H.R. (1959), “Specification o
9、f interior illumination levels,“ Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, June, 317353 5.Blackwell, O.M., and Blackwell, H.R. (1971), “Visual performance data for 156 normal observers of various ages,“ Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, October, 313. 6.Blackwell, O.M., and Blac
10、kwell, H.R. (1980), “Individual responses to lighting parameters for a population of 235 observers of varying ages,“ Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, July, 205232. 7.Snyder, H.L., Lynch, E.F., Abernathy, C.N., Green, J.M., Helander, M.G., Hirsh, R.S., Hunt, S.R., Korell, D.D., Kroeme
11、r, K.H.E., Murch, G.M., Palacios, N.P., Palermo, S.A., Rinalducci, E.J., Rupp, B.A., Smith W., Wagner, G.N., Williams, R.D., Zwahlen, H.T. (1988), “American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations,“ The Human Factors Society Inc., Santa Monica, CA, ANS
12、I/HFS 100188. 8.Boynton, R.M., Rinalducci, E.J., and Sternheim, C. (1969), “Visibility losses produced by transient adaptational changes in the range from 0.4 to 4000 footlamberts,“ Illuminating Engineering, 217227. SAE J2217 Issued OCT91 -2- 9.Osaka, N. (1985, July), “The effects of VDU color on vi
13、sual fatigue in the fovea and periphery of the visual field,“ Displays, 138140. 10. Matthews, M.L. (1987), “The influence of colour on CRT reading performance and subjective comfort under operational conditions,“ Applied Ergonomics, 18.4, 323328. 11. Galer, M.D., and Simmonds, G.R.W. (1985), “The li
14、ghting of car instrument panelsdrivers responses to five colours,“ SAE 850328, Warrendale, PA. 12. Uchikawa, K., Uchikawa, H., and Kaiser, P.K. (1984), “Luminance and saturation of equally bright colors,“ Color Research and Application, 9(1), 514. 13. Poynter, D. (1988), “Variability in brightness m
15、atching of colored lights,“ Human Factors, 30(2), 143 151. 2.2TerminologyThe spectral power distribution of a light source can be described as a location in any one of several three-dimensional color spaces 1.1 In most of these spaces, two of the dimensions correspond to the perceived color of the l
16、ight. The third dimension (luminance) corresponds to the perceived intensity of the light. The luminance dimension can be thought of as representing perceptual brightness, although other factors aside from luminance can affect how bright a light source appears to be (e.g., the size of the source). “
17、Luminance Contrast“ is a measure of the difference between the luminance of a display letter/graphic and the luminance of its spatially contiguous background. There are several commonly used indices of luminance contrast. The one used in this document is as in Equation 1: (Eq. 1) where: Lmax and Lmi
18、n are the larger and smaller of stimulus and background luminance, respectively. The term “Color Contrast“ refers to the difference in color between the letter/graphic and its background. There are several ways to quantify color contrast. One of the most common indices is the distance in color space
19、 between the coordinates for the letter/graphic and the coordinates for the background. In this document, luminance contrast and color contrast are considered separately; therefore the term color contrast refers to a two-dimensional distance across a plane in color space perpendicular to the luminan
20、ce dimension. Finally, the term “Adaptation Luminance“ refers to the level of light that the drivers visual system is adapted to. In an automobile, for example, the adaptation luminance will most often be the average luminance of the drivers field of view through the windshield. During daytime drivi
21、ng, the adaptation luminance will typically be many times higher than the luminance of displays in the interior of the automobile. 3.Photometric Guidelines for IP Displays 3.1Luminance ContrastThe minimum value of luminance contrast required to ensure display legibility is not a constant. It depends
22、 upon the amount of color contrast present, the size of letters/graphics, display luminance, adaptation luminance, driver age, and other contextual factors. For example, the studies of references 2,3 show that changing the height of display letters from 0.15 degrees to 0.3 degrees can reduce contras
23、t requirements by a factor of 3. Contrast requirements for relatively dark ambient conditions (less than 0.1 cd/m2) can be 20 times greater than contrast requirements for moderate to bright conditions (greater than 50 cd/m2) 4,5,6. Adding a color difference between letters and background also has a
24、strong impact on minimum luminance contrast. For example, a distance between letters and background of 0.10 in the 1976 color plane can reduce luminance contrast requirements to 0.0. The effect of color contrast on legibility depends upon letter size and display luminance 3,7. Color contrast improve
25、s legibility the most when letters/graphics are relatively large and display luminance is relatively high. 1.The brackets represent the references. LmaxLmin Lmin - - v SAE J2217 Issued OCT91 -3- The presence of glare sources, and a difference between display luminance and adaptation luminance, can b
26、oth increase contrast requirements dramatically 6,8. Older drivers are much more sensitive to glare than are younger drivers. Although there is no single value of contrast that is optimal for all viewing contexts, the fact that older drivers as a group require much higher contrast than younger drive
27、rs is well documented 2,3,5,6. On average, drivers over 60 years old will require at least twice as much contrast as drivers under 30 years of age. This is true for daytime and nighttime visibility, but the differences between young and old are more dramatic at night. 3.2Color UsageWhen the backgrou
28、nd of a display letter/graphic is not black (i.e., when it has some perceivable luminance level), colors should be chosen for graphic and background that are distant from one another in color space. This will help to ensure adequate legibility. Spectrally pure (i.e., monochromatic) blues and reds sh
29、ould be avoided for light emitting displays. Different wavelengths require different levels of visual accommodation (i.e., lens refractive indices). Using pure red and blue symbols within the same display can result in frequent refocusing of the eye, leading to visual fatigue and blurry images. Such
30、 color combinations can also produce a distance illusion in which one color appears to be closer than the other. These effects are more pronounced when letters/graphics are relatively high in luminance and placed against a low luminance background. Because visual accommodation is more difficult for
31、the aging eye, using pure blues and reds (especially together on the same display) is more of a problem for the mature driver. For CRT displays, red-blue phosphor combinations should also be avoided for letters and graphics. The eye sometimes focuses preferentially on one of these colors (usually re
32、d). The result, a fuzzy “halo“ effect around the image (usually blue), can be visually annoying and can make the image hard to resolve. 3.3Color PreferenceIn general, older drivers should find yellow and green colors easier to focus on than reds and blues, and most studies seem to indicate that olde
33、r drivers prefer the mid-spectrum colors 2,9,10,11. However, it is important to remember that spectral purity and intensity are very important factors that influence the acceptability of a display color for older drivers. Stating that designers should avoid blue altogether would therefore be inappro
34、priate. Very pure, end-of-the-spectrum blue should be avoided for graphic colors, however. These wavelengths are hard to focus on, the older eye is relatively insensitive to them, and fine detail is especially difficult to resolve when illuminated with these wavelengths. In general, the broader the
35、spectral power distribution of the light emitted by the display, the less concerned designers need to be about the effects of color on display legibility. 3.4Brightness PreferenceBecause the older eye scatters light more than the younger eye, older drivers are more sensitive to glare from instrument
36、 panel lighting during night driving. As a result, older drivers may actually prefer lower brightness levels for display lighting than younger drivers, despite the fact that the older eye is generally less sensitive to light than the younger eye 2. To avoid discomfort glare problems for the older dr
37、iver, allow the driver control over instrument panel light levels. Also consider that the perceived brightness of display colors is not always consistent with the luminance of the color. Perceived brightness varies with the size of the display graphics, the predominant hue and the saturation of the
38、color 2,12,13. SAE J2217 Issued OCT91 -4- 3.5GlossFor displays that may be exposed to bright ambient lighting (e.g., heater and air-conditioning control buttons, radio and wiper controls, etc.), the gloss of the display graphics and their backgrounds can have significant effects on display legibilit
39、y. If the graphic color is lighter than the background color (e.g., a white graphic on a gray background) and the gloss of the background material is higher than that for the graphic, legibility of the display can be greatly reduced when viewed at specular angles. This legibility problem can be elim
40、inated by making the graphic gloss higher than the background gloss. The background should be glossier than the graphic if the graphic color is darker than the background color. PREPARED BY THE SAE MATURE DRIVER STANDARDS COMMITTEE SAE J2217 Issued OCT91 RationaleNot applicable. Relationship of SAE
41、Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable. ApplicationPhysical parameters that influence the legibility of an instrument panel display include letter/ graphic size, the luminance and color difference between graphics and background, the observers luminance adaptation level, and the level of glare prese
42、nt. Several aspects of visual functioning deteriorate as part of the normal aging process. These include a reduction in luminance and color contrast sensitivity, and increase in sensitivity to glare, a reduction in visual accommodation capacity, and a reduction in the sensitivity to light. This SAE
43、Information Report provides introductory information that should be considered when setting photometric guidelines for instrument panel displays that are designed to accommodate the older driver. More detailed information is provided in Section 2 of this document. Reference Section 1.Wyszecki, G., a
44、nd Stiles, W.S. (1982), Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formula (2nd edition), New York: John Wiley and Sons. 2.Poynter, D. (1988), “The Effects of Aging on Perception of Visual Displays,“ SAE 881754, Warrendale, PA. 3.Poynter, D. (1991), “Contrast Sensitivity and English
45、Letter Recognition,“ Proceedings of the 1991 Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, September 26, San Francisco, CA. 4.Blackwell, H.R. (1959), “Specification of interior illumination levels,“ Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, June, 317353 5.Blackwell, O.M., and Blackwell, H.R. (1971),
46、“Visual performance data for 156 normal observers of various ages,“ Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, October, 313. 6.Blackwell, O.M., and Blackwell, H.R. (1980), “Individual responses to lighting parameters for a population of 235 observers of varying ages,“ Journal of the Illuminati
47、ng Engineering Society, July, 205232. 7.Snyder, H.L., Lynch, E.F., Abernathy, C.N., Green, J.M., Helander, M.G., Hirsh, R.S., Hunt, S.R., Korell, D.D., Kroemer, K.H.E., Murch, G.M., Palacios, N.P., Palermo, S.A., Rinalducci, E.J., Rupp, B.A., Smith W., Wagner, G.N., Williams, R.D., Zwahlen, H.T. (19
48、88), “American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations,“ The Human Factors Society Inc., Santa Monica, CA, ANSI/HFS 100188. 8.Boynton, R.M., Rinalducci, E.J., and Sternheim, C. (1969), “Visibility losses produced by transient adaptational changes in th
49、e range from 0.4 to 4000 footlamberts,“ Illuminating Engineering, 217 227. 9.Osaka, N. (1985, July), “The effects of VDU color on visual fatigue in the fovea and periphery of the visual field,“ Displays, 138140. 10. Matthews, M.L. (1987), “The influence of colour on CRT reading performance and subjective comfort under operational conditions,“ Applied Ergonomics, 18.4, 323328. 11. Galer, M.D., and Simmonds, G.R.W. (1985), “The lighting of car instrument panelsdrivers responses to five colours,“ SAE 850328,