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1、IEEE Std 1484.20.1-2007 IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyData Model for Reusable Competency Definitions IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 25 January 2008 IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the Learning Technology Standards Committee 1484.20.1 TM Authorized licensed use limited to:
2、Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 1484.20.1TM-2007 IEEE Standard for Learning Tec
3、hnologyData Model for Reusable Competency Definitions Sponsor Learning Technology Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 27 September 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore
4、. Restrictions apply. This Standard is based on the IMS Reusable Definition of Competency or Educational Objective Specification, Version 1.0, published on October 25, 2002, by the IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc. Abstract: This Standard defines a data model for describing, referencing, and shar
5、ing competency definitions, primarily in the context of online and distributed learning. This Standard provides a way to represent formally the key characteristics of a competency, independently of its use in any particular context. It enables interoperability among learning systems that deal with c
6、ompetency information by providing a means for them to refer to common definitions with common meanings. Keywords: competency, competency definition, reusable competency definition The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008
7、by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 25 January 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational class
8、room use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of
9、 IEEE Std 1484.20.1-2007, IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyData Model for Reusable Competency Definitions. This Standard defines a data model for describing, referencing, and sharing competency definitions, primarily in the context of online and distributed learning. This Standard provides a way
10、 to represent formally the key characteristics of a competency, independently of its use in any particular context. It enables interoperability among learning systems that deal with competency information by providing a means for them to refer to common definitions with common meanings. Dedication T
11、he LTSC Reusable Competency Definitions Working Group dedicates this standard to the memory of Claude Ostyn. As chair of the LTSC 1484.20 Working Group, he provided initiative, guidance, and technical insight that made this standard possible. His hard work is much appreciated and will be remembered.
12、 Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at
13、the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the exist
14、ence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions
15、 are reasonable or non- discriminatory. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Par
16、ticipants At the time this standard submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Competency Data Standards Working Group had the following membership: Claude Ostyn, Chair* Scott Lewis, Technical Editor Michael Brown Mike Collett Geoffrey Darnton Geoffrey A. Frank Jason L. Haag Chad J.
17、Kainz Fanny Klett Rolf Lindner Daniel R. Rehak Robby Robson Christian Stracke Schawn E. Thropp Luk Vervenne *Deceased The following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Juan C. Carreon Keith
18、Chow Paul Colcher Tommy P. Cooper Geoffrey Darnton Thomas J. Dineen Kameshwar V. Eranki Allan M. Gillard John Garth Glynn Randall C. Groves Jason L. Haag Rutger A. Heunks Werner Hoelzl Dennis Horwitz Atushi Ito Chad J. Kainz Piotr Karocki Robert B. Kelsey Fanny Klett Mark J. Knight Susan Land Rolf L
19、indner Gregory Luri Jonathan C. Mason Gary Michel Georges F. Montillet Michael S. Newman Claude Ostyn Daniel R. Rehak Robert A. Robinson Robby Robson Randall M. Safier Bartien Sayogo Colin Smythe Thomas E. Starai Christian Stracke Schawn E. Thropp Mark A. Tillinghast Derek T. Woo When the IEEE-SA St
20、andards Board approved this guide on 27 September 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B.
21、Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Auth
22、orized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Mich
23、ael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Michael D. Kipness IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore.
24、 Restrictions apply. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope. 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 2 3.1 Definitions. 2 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 3 4. Special terms 3 5. Conformance 3 5.1 Shall and shall not 3 5.2 RCD instances. 3 5.3 Smallest permitt
25、ed maximum values. 3 6. Data model . 4 6.1 General information. 4 6.2 Reusable competency definition 5 6.3 Auxiliary data types. 14 Annex A (informative) Bibliography. 18 Annex B (informative) Conceptual overview. 19 Annex C (informative) An example XML binding schema . 22 vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. A
26、ll rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
27、IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyData Model for Reusable Competency Definitions 1. 1.1 1.2 Overview Scope This Standard defines a data model for describing, referencing, and sharing competency definitions, primarily in the context of online and distributed learning. This Standard provides a way
28、to represent formally the key characteristics of a competency, independently of its use in any particular context. It enables interoperability among learning systems that deal with competency information by providing a means for them to refer to common definitions with common meanings. This Standard
29、 enables information about competencies to be encoded and shared. This Standard does not define whether a competency is a skill, knowledge, ability, attitude, or learning outcome, but it can be used to capture information about any of these. Policies regarding reusable competency definitions (RCDs),
30、 such as the best practice to look for an existing definition to reuse instead of inventing a new one for the same purpose, are outside of the scope of this Standard. Purpose This Standard is based on the existing IMS Global Learning Consortium (IMS) specification entitled IMS Reusable Definition of
31、 Competency or Educational Objective (RDCEO) B4.1 Implementations that conform to the IMS specification will conform to this Standard. 1 The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licensed use limited to: Peking
32、University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 1484.20.1-2007 IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyData Model for Reusable Comptency Definitions 2. 3. 3.1 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the appl
33、ication of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including a
34、ny amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 1484.12.1TM-2002, IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata.1, 2 IETF RFC 3986:2005, Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax.3 ISO 6391, Code for the representation of names of languagesPart 1: Alpha-2 code.4 ISO 6392, Codes for the represen
35、tation of names of languagesPart 2: Alpha-3 code. ISO 31661, Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisionsPart 1: Country codes. ISO/IEC 10646, Information technologyUniversal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS).5 ISO/IEC 11404:1996, Information technologyProgramming
36、 languages, their environments and system software interfacesLanguage-independent datatypes.6 W3C Recommendation (28 October 2004), XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition.7 Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations Definitions For purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions ap
37、ply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B1 should be referenced for terms not defined in this Clause. 3.1 competency definition record: An instance of a data structure that represents an identifiable competency definition. 1 IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Ele
38、ctrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2 The IEEE standards or products referred to in this introduction are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 IETF publications are available from the In
39、ternet Engineering Task Force website at http:/ietf.org/rfc.html. 4 ISO publications are available from the ISO Central Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de Varemb, CH1211, Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse (http:/www.iso.ch/). ISO publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Dep
40、artment, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http:/www.ansi.org/). 5 ISO/IEC publications are available from the ISO Central Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de Varemb, CH1211, Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse (http:/www.iso.ch/). ISO/IEC pu
41、blications are also available in the United States from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, USA (http:/ Electronic copies are available in the United States from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http
42、:/www.ansi.org/). 6 ISO/IEC 11404:1996 may be downloaded at no cost from http:/www.iso.org/. 7 W3C publications are available from the World Wide Web Consortium, 32 Vassar Street, Room 32G515, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (http:/www.w3.org/). 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Authorized licens
43、ed use limited to: Peking University. Downloaded on December 26,2010 at 17:00:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 1484.20.1-2007 IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyData Model for Reusable Comptency Definitions 3.2 LangString: A data type that represents one or more character stri
44、ngs. A LangString value may include multiple, semantically equivalent, character strings, such as translations or expressions of a description in different languages. 3.2 4. 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 Acronyms and abbreviations IMS IMS Global Learning Consortium RCD reusable competency definition RDCEO Reusable
45、 Definition of Competency or Educational Objective SPM smallest permitted maximum URI Uniform Resource Identifier XML Extensible Markup Language Special terms In this Standard, the following special terms and definitions apply. competency: Any aspect of competence, such as knowledge, skill, attitude
46、, ability, or learning objective. NOTEIn this Standard, the term “competency” is to be interpreted in the broadest sense to include learning objectives (those things that are sought) as well as competencies (those things that are achieved). The term “competency” is also used to include all classes o
47、f things that someone, or potentially something, can be competent in, although some communities of practice use the term with nuance, for example, limiting its use to skill and excluding knowledge or understanding.8 Conformance Shall and shall not In this Standard, “shall” is to be interpreted as a
48、requirement on an implementation; “shall not” is to be interpreted as a prohibition. RCD instances A conforming RCD instance shall conform to the data model as specified in Clause 5. Smallest permitted maximum values This standard defines smallest permitted maximum (SPM) values for many data element
49、s. The SPM is the number of entries that a conforming implementation is required to process for a given data element in an RCD instance. An RCD instance may contain more entries for a data element than the SPM. An implementation that receives entries in excess of the SPM shall not produce an error. The implementation may, but is not required to, process those entries. For the purposes of the SPM, an entry may be an element within a collection, such as a bag or record, or it may be a character in a string.