《Telecommunication Circuit Design 2nd Ed (2002).pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Telecommunication Circuit Design 2nd Ed (2002).pdf（435页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、Telecommunication Circuit Design Telecommunication Circuit Design, Second Edition. Patrick D. van der Puije Copyright # 2002 John Wiley 0-471-22153-8 (Electronic) Telecommunication Circuit Design Second Edition Patrick D. van der Puije A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY I had overlooked thi
2、s important tele- communication device in the fi rst edition. Chapter 11 is also new and it describes the pager, the cordless telephone and the cellular telephone system. These are examples of a growing trend in telecommunications to go wireless. This book is about telecommunications: the basic conc
3、epts, the design of sub- systems and the practical realization of the electronic circuits that make up telecommunication systems. The aim of this book is to fi ll a gap that exists in the teaching of telecommunications and electronic circuit design to electrical engineer- ing students. Frequently, c
4、ourses on electronic circuits are taught to students without a clear indication of where these circuits may be used. Later in their career, students may take a course in communication theory where the usual approach is to treat subjects such as modulation, frequency changing and detection as mathema
5、tical concepts and to represent them in terms of black boxes. Thus the connection between the function black boxes and the design of an electronic circuit that will perform the function is glossed over or is completely missing. The approach followed in this book is to take a specifi c communication
6、system, for example the amplitude modulated (AM) radio system, and describe in mathe- matical terms how and why the system is designed the way it is. The system is then broken down into functional blocks. The design of each functional block is examined in terms of the electronic devices to be used,
7、the circuit components and requirements for power. The effectiveness of each functional block is deter- mined. In most cases, more than one circuit is presented, starting from the very elementary which usually illustrates the principles of operation best, to more sophisticated and practical varietie
8、s. The order in which the signal encounters the xiii functional blocks determines the order of the presentation, so new information is presented at an opportune moment when the interest of the student is optimal. Examples are provided to emphasize the link from concept, to design and realization of
9、the circuits. Systems examined in this text include commercial radio broadcasting, television and telephone, with sections devoted to personal wireless communication, satellite communications and data transmission circuits. This book was written with the fi nal-year engineering undergraduate student
10、 in mind, so a clear and explicit style of writing has been used throughout. Illustrative examples have been given whenever possible to promote the active participation of the student in the learning process. However, the practical approach to electronic circuit design will no doubt be useful to peo
11、ple involved in the telecommunications industry for updating, review and as a reference. Prerequisites to the course in telecommunication circuit design are university mathematics, basic electronics and some familiarity with communication theory (although this is not strictly necessary). In every ca
12、se where communication theory has a direct impact on the design, enough background has been given to gain an understanding of the topic. A number of specialized topics have been excluded in the interest of brevity. These include antennas, fi lters and loudspeakers. Many books are available on these
13、subjects. Rather than presenting a cursory treatment of these very important subjects, I opted for a qualitative description of the operation and design of antennas, fi lters and loudspeakers in the hope that the reader can develop an appreciation of the outstanding features of these devices which c
14、an be built upon if they are of special interest. A list of available reading material has been given in the appropriate chapters. Although most of the circuits discussed in this book can be found in integrated circuit form, I have, in general, avoided detailed discussion of integrated circuit desig
15、n. This is because the rules of integration aim to reduce the area of the chip to a minimum and thus tend to increase the number of transistors or active components, which take up little area, at the expense of passive components such as resistors and capacitors, which take up relatively large areas
16、. Furthermore, because the integrated circuit process can produce very closely matched transistors, the integrated circuit designer often uses symmetry to achieve circuit functions not possible with discrete devices. An explanation of how an integrated circuit works is therefore more complicated tha
17、n its discrete counterpart. In every case where the simple and the modern have clashed, I have chosen the simple. However, integrated circuit design techniques have been discussed whenever they are relevant and do not distract the reader from a good understanding of the basic principles of circuit d
18、esign. In Chapter 1, a brief history of telecommunication is given. The last 150 years has been a time of tremendous growth and change in telecommunications, more than enough change to qualify as a revolution, perhaps the greatest revolution in the history of mankind the Information Revolution. Chap
19、ters 2 and 3 describe the amplitude modulated (AM) radio system and the electronic circuits that make it possible, from the design of the crystal-controlled xivPREFACE oscillator in the transmitter to the loudspeaker in the receiver. Chapters 4 and 5 repeat the process with the frequency modulated (
20、FM) radio and include sections on stereophonic commercial broadcast and reception. Televisionthe transmission and reception of imagesis discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. The design of the circuits involved in the acquisition of the video signals, the processing, transmission, coding, broadcasting, rece
21、ption and decoding are described. In Chapters 8 and 9, the growth of the telephone system is traced from its humble beginnings to the world-wide network that it is today. The need to open up the system to an increasing number of subscribers has led to the development of sophisticated signal processi
22、ng techniques and circuits with which to implement them. Chapter 10 describes the facsimile machine as a system, as well as the design of its component parts. In Chapter 11 the pager, the cordless telephone and cellular telephone systems are described. Chapter 12 covers the development of channels i
23、n new transmission media, such as satellites and fi ber optics, as well as improvements to hard wire connections made possible because circuit designers have produced the hardware at the right time and at the right cost. The growing traffi c of conversations between machines of various descriptions
24、has accelerated the trend towards digitization of signals in the telephone network. The design of circuits capable of accepting data corrupted by noise, restoring and retransmitting them is discussed. This book started off as lecture notes for a senior college course in electrical engineering called
25、 Telecommunication Circuits. At the time I proposed the course, it was becoming increasingly clear that the knowledge of our graduating students of communication systems left much to be desired. Students seemed to think that anything analog (including radio, television and the telephone) was passe .
26、 Digital circuits (computers and software development), on the other hand, were considered cutting edge. It was necessary to bring some balance into this situation and I hope that this book helps to restore some semblance of symmetry. The seemingly simple task of changing a set of lecture notes into
27、 a textbook turned out not to be quite as simple as I had imagined. However, I have learned a lot from it and I hope the reader does, too. The material contained in this book is more than can be presented in the normal 13-week term. However, the organization of chapters is based on the three major t
28、elecommunication networks: radio, television, and the telephone. It is therefore convenient to organize such a course around a group of chapters with minimal rearrangement of the material and still maintain coherence. PATRICKD.VAN DERPUIJE Ottawa, Ontario, Canada September 2001 PREFACExv WILEY SERIE
29、S IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING John G. Proakis, Editor Northeastern University Introduction to Digital Mobil Communications Yoshihiko Akaiwa Ditigal Telephony, 3rd Edition John Bellamy ADSL, VDSL, and Multicarrier Modulation John A. C. Bingham Biomedical Signal Processing and Signal M
30、odeling Eugene N. Bruce Elements of Information Theory Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas Practical Data Communications Roger L. Freeman Radio System Design for Telecommunications, 2nd Edition Roger L. Freeman Telecommunication System Engineering, 3rd Edition Roger L. Freeman Telecommunications Trans
31、mission Handbook, 4th Edition Roger L. Freeman Introduction to Communications Engineering, 2nd Edition Robert M. Gagliardi Optical Communications, 2nd Edition Robert M. Gagliardi and Sherman Karp Active Noise Control Systems: Algorithms and DSP Implementations Sen M. Kuo and Dennis R. Morgan Mobile
32、Communications Design Fundamentals, 2nd Edition William C. Y. Lee Expert System Applications for Telecommunications Jay Liebowitz Polynomial Signal Processing V. John Mathews and Giovanni L. Sicuranza Digital Signal Estimation Robert J. Mammone, Editor Digital Communication Receivers: Synchronizatio
33、n, Channel Estimation, and Signal Processing Heinrich Meyr, Marc Moeneclaey, and Stefan A. Fechtel Synchronization in Digital Communications, Volume I Heinrich Meyr and Gerd Ascheid Business Earth Stations for Telecommunications Walter L. Morgan and Denis Rouffet Wireless Information Networks Kaveh
34、Pahlavan and Allen H. Levesque Satellite Communications: The First Quarter Century of Service David W. E. Rees Fundamentals of Telecommunication Networks Tarek N. Saadawi, Mostafa Ammar, with Ahmed El Hakeem Meteor Burst Communications: Theory and Practice Donald L. Schilling, Editor Digital Communi
35、cations over Fading Channels: AUnifi ed Approach to Performance Analysis Marvin K. Simon and Mohamed-Slim Alouini Digital Signal Processing: A Computer Science Perspective Jonathan (Y) Stein Vector Space Projections: A Numerical Approach to Signal and Image Processing, Neural Nets, and Optics Henry
36、Stark and Yongyi Yang Signaling in Telecommunication Networks John G. Van Bosse Telecommunication Circuit Design, 2nd Edition Patrick D. van der Puije Worldwide Telecommunications Guide for the Business Manager Walter H. Vignault 1 THE HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS 1.1INTRODUCTION According to UNESC
37、O statistics, in 1997, there were 2.4 billion radio receivers in nearly 200 countries. The fi gure for television was 1.4 billion receivers. During the same year, it was reported that there were 822 million main telephone lines in use world-wide. The number of host computers on the Internet was esti
38、mated to be 16.3 million 1. In addition to this, the military in every country has its own commu- nication network which is usually much more technically sophisticated than the civilian network. These numbers look very impressive when one recalls that electrical telecommunication is barely 150 years
39、 old. One can well imagine the number of people employed in the design, manufacture, maintenance and operation of this vast telecommunication system. 1.2TELECOMMUNICATION BEFORE THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH The need to send information from one geographic location to another with the minimum of delay has
40、been a quest as old as human history. Galloping horses, carrier pigeons and other animals have been recruited to speed up the rate of information delivery. The worlds navies used semaphore for ship-to-ship as well as from ship-to-shore communication. This could be done only in clear daylight and ove
41、r a distance of only a few kilometres. The preferred method for sending messages over land was the use of beacons: lighting a fi re on a hill, for example. The content of the message was severely restricted since the sender and receiver had to have previously agreed on the meaning of the signal. For
42、 example, the lighting of a beacon on a particular hill may inform ones allies that the enemy was approaching from the north, say. In 1792, the French Legislative Assembly approved funding for the demonstration of a 35km visual telegraphic system. This was essentially 1 Telecommunication Circuit Des
43、ign, Second Edition. Patrick D. van der Puije Copyright # 2002 John Wiley 0-471-22153-8 (Electronic) semaphore on land. By 1794, Lille was connected to Paris by a visual telegraph 3. In England, in 1795, messages were being transmitted over a visual telegraph between London and Plymouth a return dis
44、tance of 800km in 3 minutes 4. North American Indians are reputed to have communicated by creating puffs of smoke using a blanket held over a smoking fi re. Such a system would require clear daylight as well as the absence of wind, not to mention a number of highly skilled operators. A method of tel
45、ecommunication used in the rain forests of Africa was the talking drum. By beating on the drum, a skilled operator could send messages from one village to the next. This system of communication had the advantage of being operational in daylight and at night. However, it would be subject to operator
46、error, especially when the message had to be relayed from village to village. 1.3THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH The fi rst practical use of electricity for communication was in 1833 by two professors from the University of Goettingen, Carl Friedrich Gauss (17771855) and Wilhelm Weber (18041891). Their syste
47、m connected the Physics Institute to the Astronomical Observatory, a distance of 1km, and used an induction coil and a mirror galvanometer 4. In 1837, Charles Wheatstone (18021875) (of Wheatstone Bridge fame) and William Cooke (18061879) patented a communication system which used fi ve electrical ci
48、rcuits consisting of coils and magnetic needles which defl ected to indicate a letter of the alphabet painted on a board 5. The fi rst practical use of this system was along the railway track between Euston and Chalk Farm stations in London, a distance of 2.5km. Several improvements were later made,
49、 the major one being the use of a coding scheme which reduced the system to a single coil and a single needle. The improvement of the performance, reliability and cost of commu- nication has since kept many generations of engineers busy. At about the time when Wheatstone and Cooke were working on their system, Samuel Morse (17911872) was busy doing experiments on similar ideas. His major contribution to the hardware was the relay, also called a repeater. By connecting a series of relays as shown in Figure 1.1, it was possible to i