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1、 Standard Handbook of Electrical Engineering 15ed By Donald G. Fink H. Wayne Beaty ISBN: 0071441468 Page: 2000 pgs Pub Date: September 2006 Description The Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers has served the EE field for nearly a century. Originally published in 1907, through 14 previous editi
2、ons it has been a required resource for students and professionals. This new 15th edition features new material focusing on power generation and power systems operation - two longstanding strengths of the handbook that have recently become front-burner technology issues. At the same time, the entire
3、 format of the handbook will be streamlined, removing archaic sections and providing a quick, easy look-up experience. Brimming with solutions to day-to-day problems in electrical systems design, operation, and maintenance, this unmatched resource arms you with the expertise of over 60 best-of-breed
4、 contributors. Packed with 800 detailed illustrations, the new Fifteenth Edition includes: - The latest material on power generation and power systems operation - In-depth case studies on the causes of major power outages - Thorough updating of all code-related information - Entirely new sections on
5、 electric power grid operations, managing outages and blackouts, and electrical power generation TA B L E O F CO N T E N T S CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE Section 1: Units, Symbols, Definitions, and Conversion Factors Section 2: Electric and Magnetic Circuits Section 3: Measurements and Instruments Section 4
6、: Properties of Materials Section 5: Generation Section 6: Prime Movers Section 7: Alternating-Current Generators Section 8: Direct-Current Generators Section 9: Hydroelectric Power Generation Section 10: Power System Components Section 11: Alternate Sources of Power Section 12: Electric Power Syste
7、m Economics Section 13: Project Economics Section 14: Transmission Systems Section 15: Direct Current Power Transmission Section 16: Power-System Operation Section 17: Substations Section 18: Power Distribution Section 19: Wiring Design for Commercial and Industrial Buildings Section 20: Motors and
8、Drives Section 21: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Electric Power Section 22: Power Electronics Section 23: Power Quality and Reliability Section 24: Grounding Systems Section 25: Computer Applications in the Electric Power Industry Section 26: Illumination Section 27: Lightning and Over v
9、oltage protection Section 28: Standards in Electro technology, Telecommunications, and Information Technology INDEX SECTION 1 UNITS, SYMBOLS, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS H.Wayne Beaty Editor, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers; Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and El
10、ectronics Engineers, Technical assistance provided by Barry N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology CONTENTS 1.1THE SI UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 1.2CGPM BASE QUANTITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 1.3SUPPLEMENTAR
11、Y SI UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 1.4DERIVED SI UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 1.5SI DECIMAL PREFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5 1.6USAGE OF SI UNITS, SYMBOLS, AND PREFIXES . . .1-5 1.7OTHER SI UNITS . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7 1.8CGS SYSTEMS OF UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 1.9PRACTICAL UNITS (ISU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 1.10DEFINITIONS OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES . . . . . .1-9 1.11DEFINITIONS OF QUANTITIES OF RADIATION AND L
13、IGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13 1.12LETTER SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-15 1.13GRAPHIC SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-26 1.14PHYSICAL CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-26 1.15NUMERICAL VAL
14、UES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-32 1.16CONVERSION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-32 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-56 1.1THE SI UNITS The units of the quantities most commonly used in electrical engin
15、eering (volts, amperes, watts, ohms, etc.) are those of the metric system. They are embodied in the International System of Units (Systme International dUnits, abbreviated SI). The SI units are used throughout this handbook, in accordance with the established practice of electrical engineering publi
16、cations throughout the world. Other units, notably the cgs (centimeter-gram-second) units, may have been used in citations in the earlier literature. The cgs electrical units are listed in Table 1-9 with conversion factors to the SI units. The SI electrical units are based on the mksa (meter-kilogra
17、m-second-ampere) system. They have been adopted by the standardization bodies of the world, including the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Standards Board of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The Un
18、ited States is the only industri- alized nation in the world that does not mandate the use of the SI system. Although the U.S. Congress 1-1 Beaty_Sec01.qxd 18/7/06 3:53 PM Page 1-1 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library McGraw-Hill () Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserve
19、d. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.? Source: STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS has the constitutional right to establish measuring units, it has never enforced any system. The met- ric system (now SI) was legalized by Congress in 1866 and is the only legal mea
20、suring system, but other non-SI units are legal as well. Other English-speaking countries adopted the SI system in the 1960s and 1970s. A few major industries converted, but many people resistedsome for very irrational reasons, denouncing it as “un-American.” Progressive businesses and educational i
21、nstitutions urged Congress to mandate SI. As a result, in the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, Congress established SI as the preferred system for U.S. trade and commerce and urged all federal agencies to adopt it by the end of 1992 (or as quickly as possible without undue hardship). SI r
22、emains voluntary for private U.S. business. An excellent book, Metric in Minutes (Brownridge, 1994), is a comprehensive resource for learning and teaching the metric system (SI). 1.2CGPM BASE QUANTITIES Seven quantities have been adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as ba
23、se quantities, that is, quantities that are not derived from other quantities. The base quantities are length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Table 1-1 lists these quantities, the name of the SI unit for each, and the standard le
24、tter symbol by which each is expressed in the International System (SI). The units of the base quantities have been defined by the CGPM as follows: meter.The length equal to 1 650 763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation cor- responding to the transition between the levels 2p10and 5d5of the kry
25、pton-86 atom (CGPM). kilogram.The unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram (CGPM). EDITORS NOTE: The prototype is a platinum-iridium cylinder maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, near Paris. The kilogram is approximately equal to
26、 the mass of 1000 cubic cen- timeters of water at its temperature of maximum density. second.The duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium ? 133 atoms (CGPM). ampere.The constant current that
27、if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 107newton per meter of length (CGPM). kelvin.The unit of thermodynamic temperature is the fraction
28、1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (CGPM). EDITORS NOTE: The zero of the Celsius scale (the freezing point of water) is defined as 0.01 K below the triple point, that is, 273.15 K. See Table 1-27. mole.That amount of substance of a system that contains as many ele
29、mentary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12 (CGPM). 1-2SECTION ONE TABLE 1-1SI Base Units QuantityUnitSymbol Lengthmeterm Masskilogramkg Timeseconds Electric currentampereA Thermodynamic temperaturekelvinK Amount of substancemolemol Luminous intensitycandelacd Celsius temperat
30、ure is, in general, expressed in degrees Celsius (symbol C). From the initials of its French name, Conference G ene rale des Poids et Mesures. Beaty_Sec01.qxd 18/7/06 3:53 PM Page 1-2 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library McGraw-Hill () Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights rese
31、rved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.? UNITS, SYMBOLS, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS NOTE: When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified. They may be atoms, mole- cules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
32、particles. candela.The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 1012Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian (CGPM). EDITORS NOTE: Until January 1, 1948, the generally accepted unit of luminous
33、intensity was the inter- national candle. The difference between the candela and the international candle is so small that only measurements of high precision are affected. The use of the term candle is deprecated. 1.3SUPPLEMENTARY SI UNITS Two additional SI units, numerics which are considered as d
34、imensionless derived units (see Sec. 1.4), are the radian and the steradian, for the quantities plane angle and solid angle, respectively. Table 1-2 lists these quantities and their units and symbols. The supplementary units are defined as follows: radian.The plane angle between two radii of a circl
35、e that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius (CGPM). steradian.The solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides equal to the radius of the sphere (CGPM). 1.4DERIVED SI UN
36、ITS Most of the quantities and units used in electrical engineering fall in the category of SI derived units, that is, units which can be completely defined in terms of the base and supplementary quantities described above. Table 1-3 lists the principal electrical quantities in the SI system and sho
37、ws their equivalents in terms of the base and supplementary units. The definitions of these quantities, as they appear in the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1988), are hertz.The unit of frequency 1 cycle per second. newton.The force that will impart a
38、n acceleration of 1 meter per second per second to a mass of 1 kilogram. pascal.The pressure exerted by a force of 1 newton uniformly distributed on a surface of 1 square meter. joule.The work done by a force of 1 newton acting through a distance of 1 meter. watt.The power required to do work at the
39、 rate of 1 joule per second. coulomb.The quantity of electric charge that passes any cross section of a conductor in 1 second when the current is maintained constant at 1 ampere. volt.The potential difference between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 ampere, when the p
40、ower dissipated between these points is 1 watt. farad.The capacitance of a capacitor in which a charge of 1 coulomb produces 1 volt potential difference between its terminals. ohm.The resistance of a conductor such that a constant current of 1 ampere in it produces a voltage of 1 volt between its en
41、ds. siemens (mho).The conductance of a conductor such that a constant voltage of 1 volt between its ends produces a current of 1 ampere in it. UNITS, SYMBOLS, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS1-3 TABLE 1-2SI Supplementary Units QuantityUnitSymbol Plane angleradianrad Solid anglesteradia
42、nsr Beaty_Sec01.qxd 18/7/06 3:53 PM Page 1-3 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library McGraw-Hill () Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.? UNITS, SYMBOLS, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS weber
43、.The magnetic flux whose decrease to zero when linked with a single turn induces in the turn a voltage whose time integral is 1 volt-second. tesla.The magnetic induction equal to 1 weber per square meter. henry.The inductance for which the induced voltage in volts is numerically equal to the rate of
44、 change of current in amperes per second. 1-4SECTION ONE TABLE 1-4Examples of SI Derived Units of General Application in Engineering SI unit QuantityNameSymbol Angular velocityradian per secondrad/s Angular accelerationradian per second squaredrad/s2 Radiant intensitywatt per steradianW/sr Radiancew
45、att per square meter steradianW ? m2? sr1 Areasquare meterm2 Volumecubic meterm3 Velocitymeter per secondm/s Accelerationmeter per second squaredm/s2 Wavenumber1 per meterm1 Density, masskilogram per cubic meterkg/m3 Concentration (of amount of substance)mole per cubic metermol/m3 Specific volumecub
46、ic meter per kilogramm3/kg Luminancecandela per square metercd/m2 TABLE 1-3SI Derived Units in Electrical Engineering SI unit ExpressionExpression in terms of in terms of QuantityNameSymbolother unitsSI base units Frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)hertzHz1/ss1 ForcenewtonNm ? kg ? s2 Pressure, str
47、esspascalPaN/m2m1? kg ? s2 Energy, work, quantity of heatjouleJN ? mm2? kg ? s2 Power, radiant fluxwattWJ/sm2? kg ? s3 Quantity of electricity, electric chargecoulombCA ? ss ? A Potential difference, electric potential, voltVW/Am2? kg ? s3? A1 electromotive force Electric capacitancefaradFC/Vm2? kg1
48、? s4? A2 Electric resistanceohmV/Am2? kg ? s3? A2 ConductancesiemensSA/Vm2? kg1? s3? A2 Magnetic fluxweberWbV ? sm2? kg ? s2? A1 Magnetic flux densityteslaTWb/m2kg ? s2? A1 Celsius temperaturedegree CelsiusCK InductancehenryHWb/Am2? kg ? s2? A2 Luminous fluxlumenlmcd ? sr Illuminanceluxlxlm/m2m2? cd
49、 ? sr Activity (of radionuclides)becquerelBqI/ss1 Absorbed dosegrayGyJ/kgm2? s2 Dose equivalentsievertSvJ/kgm2? s2 In this expression, the steradian (sr) is treated as a base unit. See Table 1-2. Beaty_Sec01.qxd 18/7/06 3:53 PM Page 1-4 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library McGraw-Hill () Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights