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1、TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Guidelines for the Implementation of Multimodal Transportation Location Referencing Systems NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAMNCHRP REPORT 460 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Program Staff ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CRAWFORD F. JENCKS
2、, Manager, NCHRP DAVID B. BEAL, Senior Program Officer HARVEY BERLIN, Senior Program Officer B. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer AMIR N. HANNA, Senior Program Officer EDWARD T. HARRIGAN, Senior Program Officer TIMOTHY G. HESS, Senior Program Officer RONALD D. McCREADY, CHARLES W. NIESSNER, Senior Pr
3、ogram Officer Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Managing Editor HILARY FREER, Associate Editor ANDREA BRIERE, Assistant Editor BETH HATCH, Editorial Assistant CHRISTOPHER HEDGES, Senior Program Officer TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2001 OFFICERS Chair: John M. Samuels, Se
4、nior Vice President-Operations Planning it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlat
5、ion staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the fi ndings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identifi ed by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committe
6、es of AASHTO. Each year, specifi c areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfi ll these needs are defi ned by the Board, and qua
7、lifi ed research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperativ
8、e Highway Research Program can make signifi cant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Note:The Transpo
9、rtation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Tr
10、ade or manufacturers names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. NCHRP REPORT 460 Project SP20-27(3) FY96 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 0-309-06708-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2001-132081 2001 Transportation Research Board Price $32.00 NOTICE The pro
11、ject that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval refl ects the Governing Boards judgment that the program con
12、cerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due considerat
13、ion for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transport
14、ation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedur
15、es established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. FOREWORD By Staff Transportation Research Board This report documents the fi ndings of a project to develop a location referencing system (LRS) model that c
16、an be adopted by transportation agencies, geodata standards groups, and Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) software vendors. The contents of this report are, therefore, of immediate interest to transporta- tion planners and to people in transportation agencies who are concerne
17、d with infor- mation systems management. Transportation organizations constantly need to maintain, access, and share infor- mation related to multimodal transportation systems. GIS-T is increasingly used to cap- ture, assemble, and disseminate much of this information. The results of the work per- f
18、ormed under NCHRP Project 20-27(2), “Development of System and Application Architectures for Geographic Information Systems in Transportation,” confi rmed the assertion that the vast majority of transportation data are referenced to location. More- over, the level to which transportation business da
19、ta can be integrated directly depends on a robust model for location referencing. The timeliness and signifi cance of the LRS data model developed in NCHRP Project 20-27(2) is evidenced by the application of the model in several state departments of transportation (DOTs). Numerous efforts have shown
20、 that LRS data models vary signifi cantly across trans- portation organizations and often within organizations as well (e.g., legacy data within a DOT may be based upon different LRSs). This variation has resulted in ineffective systems and even abandoned efforts as organizations attempt to implemen
21、t improved transportation information systems and advanced GIS-T technology. NCHRP Projects 20-27, 20-27(2), and 20-27(3) were initiated in response to the need to provide detailed insights, functional requirements, models, and guidelines for transportation organiza- tions. A comprehensive model for
22、 location referencing that can accommodate and inte- grate data expressed in one to four dimensions is necessary for a wide range of agency applications from facilities management to real-time monitoring. The objectives of NCHRP Project 20-27(3) were to (1) establish consensus-based functional requi
23、rements for a multidimensional LRS data model for multimodal trans- portation systems, (2) develop an improved LRS data model, and (3) develop guide- lines to implement an improved LRS data model in transportation organizations. The LRS data model should handle the functional requirements of multimo
24、dal transporta- tion systems and should be stable and manageable over time, cost-effective to imple- ment and maintain, and extensible to future technological innovations, including data access and visualization advancements. A research team from the University of WisconsinMadison was selected to un
25、der- take this research, which began in early 1998. The research teams report presents the “next step” in the development of LRS data models in transportation by documenting and presenting a comprehensive data model that accommodates the elements necessary to use, store, operate, and share transport
26、ation-based multidimensional spatiotemporal data. The transportation multimodal, multidimensional location referencing system (MDLRS) data model presented in this report was developed from a set of stakeholder- driven functional requirements, each based on existing research. Additionally, to facil-
27、itate interoperability of data sets, the MDLRS data model was formulated in the context of existing geospatial standards. To enable agencies to adopt the MDLRS data model or parts of it, implementation guidelines are provided. These implementation guidelines provide agencies with the basics for crea
28、ting procurement documents or requests for pro- posals. The MDLRS data model and implementation guidelines provide the tools to sup- port consistent location referencing across the transportation community. 1 SUMMARY 2CHAPTER 1Introduction and Research Approach 1.1Report Organization, 2 1.2Problem S
29、tatement, 2 1.3Model Purpose and Intended Audience, 3 1.4Research Objectives and Scope, 3 1.5NCHRP 20-27(3) Workshop, 4 1.6Statement of Functional Requirements, 4 1.7Model Development Approach, 5 1.8 Related Models, Specifi cations, and Standards, 5 1.8.1ISO-GDF, 5 1.8.2DIGEST, 5 1.8.3CGIS-SAIF, 6 1
30、.8.4SDTS, 7 1.8.5ISO 15046, 7 1.8.6ITS Datum, 7 1.8.7NSDI, 7 1.8.8The NCHRP 20-27(2) LRS Data Model, 7 1.8.9GIS-T/ISTEA PFS, 7 1.8.10 GIS-T Enterprise, 8 1.8.11 National ITS Architecture, 8 1.9Implementation Guidelines Approach Overview, 8 9CHAPTER 2Findings 2.1Modeling Language, 9 2.1.1Motivation f
31、or Object-Oriented Methodology, 9 2.1.2Key Concepts in Object-Oriented Modeling, 9 2.1.3Object-Oriented Notation, 10 2.2The Conceptual Model, 11 2.2.1Introduction, 11 2.2.2Purpose of the Conceptual Model, 11 2.2.3Conceptual Data Model for MDLRSs, 12 2.3The Logical Model, 15 2.3.1Introduction, 15 2.3
32、.2Purpose of the Logical Model, 15 2.3.3Logical Data Model for MDLRSs, 15 2.3.4Discussion of Primary Classes and Relationships, 22 2.3.5Discussion of Secondary Classes and Relationships, 25 33CHAPTER 3Interpretation, Appraisal, and Applications 3.1 Infl uence of Other Models, Standards, and Specifi
33、cations, 33 3.1.1Introduction, 33 3.1.2CGIS-SAIF, 33 3.1.3ISO 15046, 34 3.1.4The NCHRP 20-27(2) LRS Data Model, 36 3.1.5GIS-T/ISTEA PFS, 37 3.2Discussion of the MDLRS Model as Related to Functional Requirements, 37 3.2.1 Introduction to Functional Requirements and Specifi cations, 37 3.2.2Functional
34、 Requirement I: Spatiotemporal Referencing Methods, 38 3.2.3Functional Requirement II: TRS/Temporal Datum, 39 3.2.4Functional Requirement III: Transformation of Data Sets, 40 3.2.5Functional Requirement IV: Multiple Cartographic/Spatial Topological Representations, 42 3.2.6Functional Requirement V:
35、Resolution, 43 3.2.7Functional Requirement VI: Dynamics, 46 3.2.8Functional Requirement VII: Historical Databases, 47 3.2.9Functional Requirement VIII: Accuracy and Error Propagation, 48 3.2.10 Functional Requirement IX: Object-Level Metadata, 49 3.2.11 Functional Requirement X: Temporal Topology/La
36、tency, 50 CONTENTS 3.3MDLRS Model Trade-Offs, 51 3.4Model Implementation, 54 3.4.1Implementation Approach, 54 3.4.2Mapping of 20-27(2) Business Systems to Functional Requirements, 54 3.4.3Example Use of Model Implementation in an RFP, 59 3.5Support for Interoperability, 59 66CHAPTER 4Conclusions and
37、 Suggested Research 4.1Proof of Problem Solution, 66 4.2Future Research, 66 4.3Linkage to Past Efforts, 67 68GLOSSARY 77REFERENCES A-1APPENDIX: Workshop Participants and Agenda AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Proj- ect 20-27(3) by the Department of Civil
38、 and Environmental Engi- neering, University of WisconsinMadison. Teresa M. Adams, Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, was the principal investigator. The other authors of this report are Alan P. Vonderohe, Professor of Civil and Environmental
39、Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, and Nicholas A. Koncz, Research Assistant, University of WisconsinMadison. Assistance on the project was provided by Jae-ho Choi, Kiran Manchikanti, and Janet Merlo. This research produced a data model that can be adopted by transportation agencies, by tr
40、ansportation geodata standards groups, and by Geographic Information System in Transportation (GIS-T) software vendors. The research (a) established consensus- based functional requirements for a transportation multimodal, multidimensional loca- tion referencing system (MDLRS) data model; (b) develo
41、ped an MDLRS data model that meets these functional requirements; and (c) developed guidelines for implement- ing the MDLRS data model in transportation organizations. Through a workshop of stakeholders, this research identifi ed ten core functional requirements that form the essence of the MDLRS da
42、ta model: spatiotemporal refer- encing methods, temporal referencing system/temporal datum, transformation of data sets, multiple cartographic/spatial topological representations, resolution, dynamics, historical databases, accuracy and error propagation, object-level metadata, and tem- poral topolo
43、gy/latency. A number of existing data models and standards were consid- ered in the formulation of the MDLRS data model. None of these existing models and standards supported all of the functional requirements. However, as a group, they pro- vided many of the building blocks for the MDLRS model. Con
44、ceptual and logical schematics of the MDLRS were established. The conceptual model illustrates the semantics of the model as they relate to the central concepts of the transportation feature and event being referenced to systems that are based on linear and nonlinear data. To support interoperabilit
45、y, the logical model is expressed in uni- fi ed modeling language (UML) notation. The UML local data model is in a normalized form in which object classes can be created directly from the model. The MDLRS model uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and the Gregorian cal- endar as the temporal datum
46、and operates on the assumption that there is one temporal reality of a phenomenon along a timeline. Temporal relationships are used to derive temporal topology. The MDLRS model distinguishes between the spatial and tempo- ral elements of objects. It uses scale applicability as the central notion for
47、 maintaining consistency of multiple geometric and topological representations. SUMMARY SUMMARY 1.1 REPORT ORGANIZATION This report presents and describes the transportation multimodal, multidimensional location referencing system (MDLRS) data model developed through NCHRP Project 20-27(3). The repo
48、rt contains four chapters, a glossary, a ref- erence section, and an appendix. This chapter contains a statement of the problem being addressed, in addition to the purpose, audience, objectives, and scope of this research. The remainder of this chapter pro- vides an overview of the research approach
49、, including the functional requirements synthesized from a transportation stakeholders workshop, the approach used in developing the data model, and guidelines for the implementation of the data model. Additionally, the chapter includes an overview of the existing data models that were considered in formulating the MDLRS data model. Chapter 2 presents the MDLRS data model and discusses the tools needed to understand and interpret the data model. This chapter begins with a discussion of object-oriented data- bases and modeling and uses object-oriented terminology and notation throu