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1、ACI 544.3R-08 Reported by ACI Committee 544 Guide for Specifying, Proportioning, and Production of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Guide for Specifying, Proportioning, and Production of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete First Printing November 2008 ISBN 978-0-87031-311-0 American Concrete Institute Advancing conc
2、rete knowledge Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI. The tech
3、nical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may b
4、e incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions. ACI committee documents are inte
5、nded for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total respo
6、nsibility for the application and use of this information. All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. A
7、CI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. It is the responsibility of the user of this document
8、to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applyin
9、g the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic s
10、ubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 U.S.A. Phone:248-848-3700 Fax:2
11、48-848-3701 www.concrete.org ACI 544.3R-08 supersedes ACI 544.3R-93 and was adopted and published November 2008. Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process,
12、 or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 544.3R-1 ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, Standa
13、rd Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsi
14、bility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If i
15、tems found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. Guide for Specifying, Proportioning, and Production of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Reported by ACI Committ
16、ee 544 ACI 544.3R-08 This guide covers specifying, proportioning, mixing, placing, and finishing of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). Much of the current conventional concrete practice applies to FRC. The emphasis in the guide is to describe the differences between conventional concrete and FRC and h
17、ow to deal with them. Sample mixture proportions are tabulated. Guidance is provided in the mixing techniques to achieve uniform mixtures, placement techniques to assure adequate consolidation, and finishing techniques to assure satis- factory surface textures. A listing of references is provided co
18、vering proportioning, properties, applications, shotcrete technology, and general information on FRC. Keywords: fiber; fiber-reinforced concrete; production; proportioning; specification. CONTENTS Chapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 544.3R-2 1.1Introduction 1.2Scope 1.3Typical uses of FRC 1.4Specify
19、ing FRC Ashraf I. AhmedGraham T. GilbertPritpal S. MangatVenkataswamy Ramakrishnan Corina-Maria AldeaVellore S. GopalaratnamPeter C. MartinezRoy H. Reiterman Madasamy ArockiasamyAntonio J. GuerraBruno Massicotte*Klaus Alexander Rieder* P. N. BalaguruRishi GuptaJames R. McConaghyPierre Rossi Joaquim
20、Oliveira Barros*Carol D. Hays*Christian MeyerSurendra P. Shah Gordon B. BastonGeorge C. HoffNicholas C. Mitchell, Jr.*Konstantin Sobolev Vivek S. BindiganavileAllen J. HulshizerBarzin MobasherJim D. Speakman, Sr.* Peter H. Bischoff*Akm Anwarul IslamHenry J. Molloy*Chris D. Szychowski Marvin E. Crisw
21、ellJohn Jones*Dudley R. Morgan*Pater C. Tatnall James I. DanielJubum KimAntoine E. NaamanHoussam A. Toutanji Xavier Destre*Katherine G. KuderAntonio NanniJean-Franois Trottier* Ashish Dubey*David A. LangeNandakumar NatarajanGeorge J. Venta Philip J. DyerJohn S. LawlerJeffery NovakGary L. Vondran Gre
22、gor D. FischerMark A. LeppertMark E. PattonRobert Wojtysiak Dean P. Forgeron*Maria Lopez de MurphyMax L. PorterRobert C. Zellers Sidney FreemanClifford N. MacDonald*John H. PyeRonald F. Zollo* Richard J. Frost *Members of subcommittee who drafted this report. Chair of subcommittee who drafted this r
23、eport. Nemkumar Banthia Chair Neven Krstulovic-Opara Secretary Melvyn A. Galinat* Membership Secretary 544.3R-2ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Chapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 544.3R-4 2.1Notation 2.2Definitions Chapter 3Materials, p. 544.3R-4 3.1General 3.2Fibers 3.3Admixtures 3.4Storage of fibers Chapte
24、r 4Mixture proportioning, p. 544.3R-5 4.1General 4.2Slump 4.3Proportioning methods Chapter 5Formwork and conventional reinforcement, p. 544.3R-6 5.1Formwork 5.2Conventional reinforcement Chapter 6Batching, mixing, delivery, and sampling, p. 544.3R-6 6.1General 6.2Mixing 6.3Causes of fiber balling 6.
25、4Delivery 6.5Sampling 6.6Production quality assurance and quality control Chapter 7Placing and finishing, p. 544.3R-8 7.1General 7.2Placing 7.3Transporting and handling equipment 7.4Finishing 7.5Hot and cold weather requirements 7.6Repair of defects 7.7Contraction joints Chapter 8Curing and protecti
26、on, p. 544.3R-10 8.1General Chapter 9References, p. 544.3R-11 9.1Referenced standards and reports 9.2Cited references CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1Introduction Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a composite material made of hydraulic cements, water, fine and coarse aggregate, and a dispersion
27、of discontinuous fibers. In general, fiber length varies from 0.25 to 2.5 in. (6 to 64 mm). FRC may also contain supplementary cementitious materials and admixtures commonly used with conventional concrete. The most common steel fiber diameters are in the range of 0.02 to 0.04 in. (0.5 to 1.0 mm) an
28、d a specific gravity of 7.85. Steel fiber shapes include round, oval, polygonal, and crescent cross sections, depending on the manufacturing process and raw material used. Two general sizes of synthetic fibers have emerged: microsynthetic and macrosynthetic fibers. Microsynthetic fibers are defined
29、as fibers with diameters or equivalent diameters less than 0.012 in. (0.3 mm), and macrosynthetic fibers have diameters or equivalent diameters greater than 0.012 in. (0.3 mm). Polypropylene fibers can be either microsynthetic or macrosynthetic, and have a specific gravity of 0.91. Nylon fibers, gen
30、erally microfibers, have a specific gravity of 1.14. Microsynthetic fibers are typically used in the range of 0.05 to 0.2% by volume, while steel fibers and macrosynthetic fibers are used in the range of 0.2 to 1% by volume, and some- times higher in certain applications. For example, 2% by volume a
31、nd higher of steel fibers is common for security applications such as vaults and safes. These dosages equate to 0.75 to 3 lb/yd3 (0.44 to 1.8 kg/m3) for microsynthetic fibers, 3 to 15 lb/yd3 (1.8 to 9 kg/m3) for macrosynthetic fibers, and 26 to 132 lb/yd3 (15 to 78 kg/m3) for steel fibers. Glass fib
32、ers for use in concrete should be alkali-resistant (AR) glass to prevent loss of strength due to the high alkalinity of the cement-based matrix. Glass fibers need to contain a minimum of 16% by mass of zirconium dioxide (zirconia) to be considered as alkali resistant. AR glass fiber monofilaments ar
33、e either 0.0005 or 0.0007 in. (13 or 18 m) in diameter, with specific gravity of 2.7. AR glass fiber chopped strands can be provided in two basic types: dispersible fibers and internal strands. Dispersible fibers quickly disperse into individual monofilaments when mixed into the concrete. These fibe
34、rs are considered to be microfibers. The addition rate for this type of AR glass fiber is typically 0.5 to 1.5 lb/yd3 (0.29 to 0.88 kg/m3). This corre- sponds to a range from 0.01 to 0.03% by volume. This type of glass fiber is used mostly for plastic shrinkage crack control. Integral strands are bu
35、ndles of monofilaments that stay integral as bundles through mixing and into the cured concrete. Integral strands are available in bundles of 50, 100, and 200 monofila- ments. These strands are considered as macrofibers, and can be added at higher fiber contents, typically 4 to 8 lb/yd3 (2.35 to 4.7
36、 kg/m3) corresponding to 0.09 to 0.17% by volume. Addition rates of up to 25 lb/yd3 (14.7 kg/m3) or 0.55% by volume have also been used with higher cement contents. Natural fibers and synthetic fibers, such as carbon, acrylic, and aramid fibers, have been used in specialized FRC and are not discusse
37、d in this guide. The use of glass fibers in the spray-up process is also not discussed in this guide. Information on these fiber types may be found in ACI 544.1R. The addition of fibers affects the plastic and hardened properties of mortar and concrete. Depending on the fiber material, length and di
38、ameter, deformation geometry, and the addition rate, many properties are improved, notably plastic shrinkage cracking, impact resistance, and toughness or ductility. Flexural strength, fatigue and shear strength, and the ability to resist cracking and spalling can also be enhanced by providing the c
39、omposite material with some postcracking (residual) strength in either the plastic or hardened state. More detailed information on properties may be found in ACI 544.1R and 544.2R. 1.2Scope This guide covers specifying, proportioning, mixing, placing, and finishing of conventional FRC. The fiber typ
40、es SPECIFYING, PROPORTIONING, AND PRODUCTION OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE544.3R-3 included in this guide are steel, glass, and synthetic. Not included are FRC produced using the shotcrete method, by extrusion, by slurry infiltration, by roller compaction, or by spray-up process. 1.3Typical uses of F
41、RC When used in structural applications, fiber reinforcement is generally only used in a supplementary role to distribute cracking, to improve resistance to impact or dynamic loading, and to resist material disintegration. Under certain conditions stated in Section 11.4.6.1(f) of ACI 318-08, the use
42、 of steel fiber-reinforced concrete to resist shear forces without conventional shear reinforcing steel is permitted. In structural members where flexural tensile or axial tensile stresses will occur, such as in beams, columns, and suspended slabs, continuous conventional reinforcing steel is typica
43、lly designed to resist the tensile forces. With a dosage rate of 76 to 84 lb/yd3 (45 to 50 kg/m3), however, more than 75 million ft2 (7 million m2) of suspended ground floor slabs without conventional reinforcing steel with span- depth ratios up to 20 that are reinforced with steel fibers have been
44、successfully completed since 1990 in Europe, the U.S., and Canada (Destre 2006). In applications where the presence of continuous conven- tional reinforcement is not essential to resist tensile stresses, for example, pavements, overlays, some precast products, and shotcrete liningsthe improvement in
45、 flexural toughness associated with the fibers can be used to reduce section thickness, improve performance, or both. The following are some examples of structural and nonstructural uses of FRC: Airport and highway paving and overlaysBoth full- depth pavements and overlays on concrete and asphalt ba
46、ses (white topping) (Johnston 1984; Loper and Henry 2003; Task Force 36 2001; Cole 1999); FlooringResidential, commercial, and heavy industrial slabs-on-ground (Gervickas 2000; Suprenant and Malisch 1999; Roesler et al. 2004, 2006; ACI 360R); Bridge decksFor repairs, overlay resurfacing and “steel f
47、ree” bridge decks where loads are resisted through an internal compressive arch in the slab and external tension tie (Melamed 1985; Newhook and Mufti 1996; Banthia and Bindiganavile 2001; Banthia et al. 2004, 2006; Banthia and Gupta 2006; Naaman and Chandrangsu 2004); Shotcrete liningsUnderground su
48、pport in mines and tunnels, slope stabilization and ground coverings, and structural repairs (Morgan and Heere 2000; Morgan and McAskill 1984; Tatnall and Brooks 2000; ACI 506.1R); Precast productsSegmental tunnel liners, vaults, safes, dolosse, equipment vaults, utility boxes, and septic tanks (Cou
49、rt 2003; Novak and Greenhalgh 2007); and Explosive spalling and seismic-resistant structures Seismic upgrade applications and resistance to explosive spalling from fire (Henager 1983; Forrest et al. 1995; Tatnall 2002). 1.4Specifying FRC 1.4.1 GeneralFRC is often specified by strength, either compressive or flexural, and fiber type (material) and content (dosage or percent by volume). This prescriptive method is appropriate for many applications, such as lower dosages of microsynthetic fibers for control of plastic shrinkage