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1、COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-L40 93 W 0662949 0509728 T 4 4 W High Performance Concrete in Severe Environments Paul Zia
2、Editor SP-140 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-140 93 = Ob62949 0509729 980 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposiu
3、m may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is May 1, 1994. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors w
4、ill be published in the NovemberDecember 1994 issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able
5、to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright O 1993 AM
6、ERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station Detroit, Michigan 48219 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or r
7、ecording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production Victoria Wieczorek Library of Congress catalog card number 93-727
8、82 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-140 93 0662349 0509730 bT2 PREFACE Many recent innovations in advanced concrete material
9、s technology have made it possible to produce concrete with exceptional performance character- istics. Recognizing the need to encourage the development of such high perfor- mance concrete technology and to expedite its transfer into practice, the AC1 Technical Activities Committee formed a Subcommi
10、ttee on High Performance Concrete (THPC) in 1992. High performance concrete is defined by THPC as concrete which meets special performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved routinely by using only conventional materials and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. The r
11、equirements may involve enhancements of placement and compaction without segregation, long-term mechanical properties, early-age strength, toughness, volume stability, or service life in severe environments. The Symposium on High Performance Concrete in Severe Environments held at the AC1 Fall Conve
12、ntion in Minneapolis, Minnesota on November 9, 1993, is the first formal activity organized by THPC. Cosponsored by RILEM, the symposium emphasizes field applications rather than laboratory studies of high performance concrete. This volume contains 14 papers, of which 13 have been scheduled for pre-
13、 sentation at the symposium. The wide variety of topics includes long-span bridges, highway pavements, high-rise building structures, dam rehabilitation, underwater constructions, nuclear facilities, and mixture design methodology, all illustrating useful and successful applications of high performa
14、nce concrete in severe environments. I would like to thank all authors for their enthusiastic support of the symposium and for their cooperation in meeting a very tight publication sched- ule. Many members of the THPC also responded promptly to my requests for help in reviewing the manuscripts. With
15、out such cooperation and the dedication of the AC1 editorial staff, it would not have been possible to schedule the publication of this volume concurrently with the symposium presentations. Finally, I extend my sincere appreciation to H.S. Lew and Henry G. Russell who served with me as the organizin
16、g committee for this symposium. It is our hope that the success of this symposium will help encourage more use of high performance concrete. Paul Zia Chairman, AC1 TAC Subcommittee on High Performance Concrete . 111 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Ha
17、ndling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-140 93 = 0662949 0509731 539 = TAC HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE COMMIITEE Paul Zia Chairman Michael P. Collins Per Fidjestol Anthony E. Fiorato Geoffrey Frohnsdorff David P. Gust
18、afson Raymond C. Hays Terence C. Holland Kenneth C. Hover Paul Klieger James T. Dikeou Secretary H.S. Lew Tony C. Liu V.M. Malhotra Richard C. Meininger Jaime Moreno John P. Ries Henry G. Russell Dean E. Stephan J. Francis Young iv COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed b
19、y Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-L40 93 O662949 0509732 475 CONTENTS PREFACE . by Paul Zia 111 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE IN FLORIDA BRIDGES by J. Armaghani, D. Romano, M. Bergin, and J. Moxley
20、 1 DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE EMPLOYED IN THE AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE by K. Tanaka, K. Sato, S. Watanabe, I. Arima, and K. Suenaga 25 THE USE OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PORTNEUF BRIDGE by P.C. Atcin, G. Ballivy, D. Mitchell, M.
21、 Pigeon, and L.G. Coulombe . 53 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETES IN THE “ELORN“ BRIDGE by J. Le Bris, P. Redoulez, V. Augustin, J.M. Torrenti, and F. de Larrard 73 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS: FIELD RESULTS by J.J. Schemmel and M.L. Leming 95 CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY AND AC IMPEDANCE O
22、F HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by M.R. Hansen, M.L. Leming, P. Zia, and S. Ahmad 121 APPLICATION OF SUPER WORKABLE CONCRETE TO by S. Kuroiwa, Y. Matsuoka, M. Hayakawa, and T. Shindoh 147 CONSTRUCTION OF A 20-STORY BUILDING APPLICATION OF SUPER WORKABLE CONCRETE TO REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH DI
23、FFICULT CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS by N. Miura, N. Takeda, R. Chikamatsu, and S. Sogo . 163 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-14
24、0 93 Obb29Y9 0509733 301 = ADVANCES IN UNDERWATER CONCRETING: ST. LUCIE PLANT INTAKE VELOCITY CAP REHABILITATION by N. Hasan, E. Faerman, and D. Berner 187 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE TO PLUG THE FLOODING OF THE CHICAGO TUNNELS by J. Moreno and G. Debiler 215 HPC FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF TIGHTNESS OF NU
25、CLEAR REACTOR CONTAINMENTS IN CASE OF SEVERE ACCIDENTS by G.J.B. Ithurralde and J.L. Costaz . 227 SALT SATURATED MASS CONCRETE UNDER CHEMICAL ATACK by L.D. Wakeley, T.S. Poole, J.J. Ernzen, and B.D. Neeley . . . . . . . 239 DEVELOPMENT OF VERY LOW HEAT MASS CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR THE MODIFICATION OF
26、THEODORE ROOSEVELT DAM by W.F. Kepler and K.F. von Fay . 269 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR DURABILITY by J.M. Shilstone, Sr. and J.M. Shilstone, Jr. . 281 SI (metric) TABLES . 307 INDEX 309 vi COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Service
27、s COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 SP-140 93 = 0bb2747 0507734 248 SP 140-1 High Performance Concrete in Florida Bridges by J. Armaghani, D. Romano, M. Bergin, and J. Moxley Svnopsis: A high performance concrete (HPC) mixture w
28、as developed in the laboratory and later used in a bridge construction project. The HPC mixture was designed based on 752 lbs (341 kg) of cement with 0 . 3 3 water to cement ratio. The weight of the cement was partially replaced by fly ash (20%) and silica fume ( 8 % ) . The concrete mixture incorpo
29、rated 4.5 gal/yd3 (22.3 L/m3) of calcium nitrite corrosion inhibiting admixture. Other chemical admixtures included air entraining agent, and/or standard and high range water reducing/retarding admixtures. A wide range of field and laboratory tests were performed on fabricated concrete specimens, as
30、 well as on cores from field models and newly cast bridge members. The main tests included field and laboratory testing of permeability, and compressive strength. Results of tests on laboratory and field concrete were very close. The chloride permeability (AASHTO T277) of the HPC was very low, rangi
31、ng between 618 to 1055 coulombs. The compressive strength was high, ranging between 8600 to 10670 psi (59 to 74 MPa). This study shows that laboratory produced HPC with multiple cementitious materials and chemical admixtures can be successfully implemented in construction without compromising its du
32、rability. It is also demonstrated that sacrificial concrete models cast and cured at the job site can provide accurate evaluation of the durability and performance of newly cast structures. The study also emphasizes the need to test the permeability as well as strength for more precise assessment of
33、 concrete durability. Keywords: Admixtures; bridges (structures); compressive strength; cores; m; field tests; high terformance concretes; m i x proportioning; models; p - ; strength; to implement the laboratory and field permeability tests in the evaluation of concrete durability; and to implement
34、HPC mixtures and assure their durability in field. The ultimate goal is to develop durability specification and ratings for concrete based on permeability and strength. Since the start of this research, a wide range of HPC mixtures have been produced and tested for strength and durability (4). These
35、 mixtures are designed with multiple cementitious materials, different water to cementitious materials ratio (W/CT) and a variety of chemical admixtures. Materials incorporated in the mixtures include, type I, II, and III cements, limestone and granite aggregates, Class F fly ash and silica fume, AS
36、TM C494 Types D and F admixtures, and corrosion inhibiting admixtures. The testing program is designed to evaluate strength, elastic modulus, water and chloride permeability , corrosion and sulfate resistance of HPC. In addition to laboratory testing of small concrete samples, six research models in
37、 the shape of 2.5 X 2.5 X 5.0 ft. (0.76 X 0.76 X 1.5 m) columns, have been cast outside the laboratory. The objective is to verify that mixtures proven under laboratory environment maintain their durability and strength properties in simulated field conditions. Two laboratory-proven concrete mixture
38、s were prepared in a commercial mix plant. The concrete was transported by ready truck mixers and placed in the models. Cores were extracted from the models at various ages, and tested for strength and permeability in the laboratory. Field permeability tests were also performed on these models. Figu
39、re 1 shows the extensively cored research models. Results of the permeability and strength test on laboratory samples and research models are compiled in a large database file. From this database, criteria will be derived for the evaluation and classification of durability in concrete mixtures and s
40、tructures. This will lead ultimately to the development of durability specification and rating system for concrete. CORROSION-INHIBITING HPC IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION A decision by the FDOT to stop the use of epoxy- coated reinforcing bars in new bridges prompted an urgent need to develop alternatives
41、with effective corrosion protection systems. The ongoing research in Florida has shown that concrete mixtures with type II cement, 20% Class F fly ash, 5 to 10 percent silica fume (slurry COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services COPYRIGHT AC
42、I International (American Concrete Institute) Licensed by Information Handling Services A C 1 S P - I I O 93 W 0662949 0509739 82T 6 Armaghani et al form), superplasticizers and a maximum W/CT of 0.35 produce concrete with low permeability, high strength and excellent corrosion resistance (4). These
43、 HPC mixtures were considered as obvious alternates to the epoxy- coating of the reinforcing bars. In addition, calcium nitrite corrosion inhibiting admixture was also selected for the HPC mixtures to further enhance the corrosion protection of the reinforcing steel. However, there was little inform
44、ation on the use and performance of concrete with corrosion inhibitors in Florida. Therefore it was necessary to develop performance data from laboratory and field evaluation of this concrete. A plan was developed by which the HPC mixture would first be evaluated in the laboratory, and a preliminary
45、 materials specification would then be developed. The mixture would then be utilized and its properties verified in the field. Once this task has been accomplished the specification would then be finalized for application in bridge construction projects. ScoDe of Testins Proqram Table 1 shows the de
46、signs and plastic properties of all laboratory and filed mixture. Two concrete mixtures were designed, batched and tested in the laboratory. The first mixture included fly ash and 5.5 gal/yd3 (27.3 L/m3) of calcium nitrite. The second included fly ash, silica fume and 4.5 gal/yd3 (22.3 L/m3) calcium
47、 nitrite. Field mixtures were designed with similar ingredients as in laboratory mix 2. Field mixtures were batched in concrete and prestress plants. The jobsite mixture was almost identical to the concrete plant mix. An extensive testing program was developed to evaluate properties of the laborator
48、y and field produced concrete. Laboratory specimens and field models were fabricated and tested to evaluate properties of the concrete. A wide range of laboratory tests were performed, including compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability (AASHTO T277), and laboratory water- permeability. Larg
49、e scale models were cast at the concrete plant, jobsite and prestress yard. A full-scale 15-foot (4.6 m) pile cap was cast at the concrete plant to evaluate general properties and handling of concrete in a large member. At the jobsite, a 2.5 X 2.5 X 4.0 ft (0.76 X 0.76 X 1.22 m) model of a column was cast from the same concrete that was used in casting the actual structural members. A one foot (300 mm) cube test-block was also prepared at the prestress plant. Cores were obtained from the model at the concrete plant and jobsite, as well as COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete I