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1、 ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and Commentary Charles S. Hanskat Chairman Lawrence M. Tabat Secretary James P. Archibald* A. Ray FranksonM. Reza KianoushDavid M. Rogowsky Jon B. Ardahl Anand B. GogateDavid G. KittridgeSatish K. Sachdev Walter N. BennettWilliam J. HendricksonNicholas A. Legat
2、osWilliam C. Schnobrich Steven R. CloseJerry A. HollandLarry G. MrazekSudhaker P. Verma Ashok K. DhingraWilliam IrwinJerry ParnesRoger H. Wood Anthony L. FelderDov KaminetzkyAndrew R. M. Philip Voting Subcommittee Members Osama Abdel-AaiClifford T. EarlyJack MollWilliam C. Sherman John BakerClifford
3、 GordonCarl H. MoonLauren A. Sustic Patrick J. CreeganPaul HedliJaveed A. MunshiLawrence J. Valentine David A. CrockerKeith W. JacobsonTerry PatziasMiroslav Vejvoda Ernst T. CviklDennis C. KohlNarayan M. PrachandPaul Zoltanetzky Robert E. DoyleBryant MatherJohn F. Seidensticker *Past-Secretary of AC
4、I 350 who served during a portion of the time required to create this document. Past-Chairman of ACI 350 who served during a portion of the time required to create this document. CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 350-01) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 350R-01) REPORTED BY
5、 ACI COMMITTEE 350 ACI Committee 350 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures -,-,- 本文件原文页数较多，文件体积较大，无法上传。 如有需要请发站内信或email： 联系人：草庐一苇： ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and Commentary 318/318R-2CHAPTER 1本文件原文页数较多，文件体积较大，无法上传。 如有需要请发站内信或email： 联系人：草庐一苇： INTRODUCTION350/350R-1 ACI 350 Environm
6、ental Structures Code and Commentary The code portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures. Such structures are used for conveying, storing, or treating liquid, wastewater, or other materials, such as so
7、lid waste. They include ancillary structures for dams, spill- ways, and channels. They are subject to uniquely different loadings, more severe exposure conditions and more restrictive serviceability requirements than normal building structures. Loadings include normal dead and live loads and vibrati
8、ng equipment or hydrodynamic forces. Expo- sures include concentrated chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing of saturated concrete. Serviceability requirements include liquid-tightness or gas-tightness. Typical structures include conveyance, storage, and treatment structur
9、es. Proper design, materials, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures are re- quired to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable, nearly impermeable, resistant to chemicals, with limited deflections and cracking. Leakage must be controlled to minimize contaminati
10、on of ground wa- ter or the environment, to minimize loss of product or infiltration, and to promote durability. This code presents new material as well as modified portions of the ACI 318-95 Building Code that are applicable to environmental engineering concrete structures. Because ACI 350-01 is wr
11、itten as a legal document, it may be adopted by reference in a general building code or in regulations governing the design and construction of environmental engineering concrete struc- tures. Thus it cannot present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is
12、 the function of the commentary to fill this need. CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 350-01) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 350R-01) REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350 ACI 350/350R-01 was adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute on December 11, 2001 in accordan
13、ce with the Institutes standard- ization procedure. Text marks in the margins indicate the code and commentary changes from 318/318R-95. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This
14、Commentary is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility
15、 for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this Commentary are de- sired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall b
16、e restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/ Engineer. Copyright 2001, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanica
17、l device, printed or written or oral, or record- ing for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copy- right proprietors. 350/350R-1 本文件原文页数较多，文件体积较大，无法上传。 如有需要请发站内信或email： 联系人：草庐一苇： 350/350R-2INTRODUCT
18、ION ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and Commentary INTRODUCTION The code and commentary includes excerpts from ACI 318-95 that are pertinent to ACI 350. The commentary discusses some of the considerations of Committee ACI 350 in developing Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concre
19、te Structures (ACI 350-01), hereinafter called the code. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to ACI 350 users. Comments on specific provisions are made under the corresponding chapter and section numbers of the code and commentary. This commentary is not intende
20、d to provide a complete histor- ical background concerning the development of the code, nor is it intended to provide a detailed resume of the studies and re- search data reviewed by the committee in formulating the pro- visions of the code. However, references to some of the research data are provi
21、ded for those who wish to study the background material in depth. As the name implies, “Code Requirements for Environmen- tal Engineering Concrete Structures” is meant to be used as part of a legally adopted code and, as such, must differ in form and substance from documents that provide detailed sp
22、ecifications, recommended practice, complete design pro- cedures, or design aids. The code is intended to cover environmental engineering con- crete structures of the usual types, both large and small, but is not intended to supersede ASTM standards for precast structures. Requirements more stringen
23、t than the code provisions may be desirable for unusual structures. This code and this commen- tary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment. A code for design and construction states the minimum re- quirements necessary to provide for public health and safety. ACI 350 is
24、 based on this principle. For any structure the owner or the structural designer may require the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum re- quirements necessary to provide serviceability and to protect the public as stated in the code. Lower standards, however, are not p
25、ermitted. ACI 350 has no legal status unless it is adopted by government bodies having the power to regulate building design and con- struction. Where the code has not been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice. The code provides a means of establishing minimum standards for acceptan
26、ce of design and construction by a legally appoint- ed building official or his designated representatives. The code and commentary are not intended for use in settling disputes between the owner, engineer, architect, contractor, or their agents, subcontractors, material Suppliers, or testing agenci
27、es. Therefore, the code cannot define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in usual construction. General references re- quiring compliance with ACI 350 in the job specifications should be avoided, since the contractor is rarely in a position to accept responsibility for design details
28、 or construction The commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the ACI 350 Code, and its relationship with ACI 318. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to some code users. References to much of the research data referred to i
29、n preparing the code are given for those who wish to study certain requirements in greater detail. The chapter and section numbering of the code are followed throughout the commentary. Among the subjects covered are: permits, drawings and specifications, inspections, materials, concrete quality, mix
30、ing and placing, forming, embedded pipes, construction joints, reinforcement details, analysis and design, strength and serviceability, flexural and axial loads, shear and torsion, development of rein- forcement, slab systems, walls, footings, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, shell structures
31、, folded plate members, provisions for seismic design, and an alternate design method in Appendix A. The quality and testing of materials used in the construction are covered by reference to the appropriate standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate
32、AWS stan- dard. Criteria for liquid-tightness testing may be found in 350.1 and 350.1R. Keywords: Chemical attack; coatings; concrete durability; concrete finishing (fresh concrete); concrete slabs, crack width, and spacing; cracking (fracturing); environmental engineering; inspection; joints (junct
33、ions); joint sealers; liquid; patching; permeability; pipe columns; pipes (tubes); prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; protective coatings; reservoirs; roofs; environmental engineering; serviceability; sewerage; solid waste facilities; tanks (containers); temperature; torque; torsion; vibrati
34、on; volume change; walls; wastewater treatment; water; water-cement ratio; wa- ter supply; water treatment. The 2001 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary are present- ed in a side-by-side column format, with code text placed in the left column and the co
35、rresponding commentary text aligned in the right column. To further distinguish the Code from the Commentary, the Code has been printed in Helvetica, the same type face in which this paragraph is set. Text marks in the margins indicate paragraphs with changes from ACI 318-95. This paragraph is set i
36、n Times Roman, and all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face. Commentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers. Text marks in the margins indicate paragraphs with changes from ACI 318-95. 本文件原文页数较多，文件体积较大
37、，无法上传。 如有需要请发站内信或email： 联系人：草庐一苇： INTRODUCTION350/350R-3 ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and Commentary requirements that depend on a detailed knowledge of the de- sign. Generally, the drawings, specifications, and contract doc- uments should contain all of the necessary requirements to ensure
38、 compliance with the code. In part, this can be accom- plished by reference to specific code sections in the job speci- fications. Other ACI publications, such as ACI 301, “Specifications for Structural Concrete” are written specifical- ly for use as contract documents for construction. Committee 35
39、0 recognizes the desirability of standards of per- formance for individual parties involved in the contract docu- ments. Available for this purpose are the certification programs of the American Concrete Institute, the plant certification pro- grams of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, the
40、 Nation- al Ready Mixed Concrete Association, and the qualification standards of the American Society of Concrete Constructors. Also available are “Standard Specification for Agencies En- gaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Materials Used in Construction” (ASTM E 329) and “Standard Practice fo
41、r Lab- oratories Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for Laboratory Evaluation” (ASTM C 1077). Design aids (general concrete design aids are listed in 318-95): “Rectangular Concrete Tanks,” Portland Cement Associa- tion, Skokie, IL, 1994, 176 pp. (Presents d
42、ata for design of rect- angular tanks.) “Circular Concrete Tanks Without Prestressing,” Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 1993, 54 pp. (Presents design data for circular concrete tanks built in or on ground. Walls may be free or restrained at the top. Wall bases may be fixed, hinged, or have
43、intermediate degrees of restraint. Various lay- outs for circular roofs are presented.) “Concrete Manual,” U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 8th edition, 1981, 627 pp. (Presents technical in- formation for the control of concrete construction, including linings for tunnels, impound
44、ments, and canals.) GENERAL COMMENTARY Because of stringent service requirements, environmental en- gineering concrete structures should be designed and detailed with care. The quality of concrete is important, and close qual- ity control must be performed during construction to obtain im- pervious
45、concrete with smooth surfaces. Environmental engineering concrete structures for the contain- ment, treatment, or transmission of liquid, wastewater, or other fluids, as well as solid waste disposal facilities, should be de- signed and constructed to be essentially liquid-tight, with min- imal leaka
46、ge under normal service conditions. The liquid-tightness of a structure will be reasonably assured if: a) The concrete mixture is well proportioned, well consol- idated without segregation, and properly cured. b) Crack widths and depths are minimized. c) Joints are properly spaced, sized, designed,
47、water- stopped, and constructed. d) Adequate reinforcing steel is provided, properly de- tailed, fabricated, and placed. e) Impervious protective coatings or barriers are used where required. Usually it is more economical and dependable to resist liquid permeation through the use of quality concrete
48、, proper design of joint details, and adequate reinforcement, rather than by means of an impervious protective barrier or coating. Liquid- tightness can also be obtained by appropriate use of shrinkage- compensating concrete. However, to achieve success, the engi- neer must recognize and account for
49、 the limitations, character- istics, and properties of shrinkage-compensating concrete as described in ACI 223 and ACI 224.2R. Minimum permeability of the concrete will be obtained by us- ing water-cementitious materials ratios as low as possible, con- sistent with satisfactory workability and consolidation. Impermeability increases with the age of the concrete and is improved by extended period