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1、Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 304TM 172-2007AATCC Technical Manual/2008 Developed in 1988 by AATCC Commit- tee RA60; reaffirmed 1989, 1995, 2002; revised 1990, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007 with title change; editorially revised 1994, 2004, 2005. 1. Purpose and Scope
2、 1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the colorfastness to non-chlorine bleach in home laundering of textiles which are expected to withstand frequent laundering. The fabric color changes re- sulting from the powdered non-chlorine bleach, detergent solution and abrasive action of five home l
3、aunderings are eval- uated. 1.2 First establish the level of perfor- mance with powdered non-chlorine bleach and if an effect is found, then retest with detergent alone. It may be necessary to use a water only wash to separate the effects of components like hardness, pH or chlorine content. 1.3 Sinc
4、e the powdered non-chlorine bleaches currently available contain in- gredients other than the powdered non- chlorine bleach; such as fluorescent whit- ening agents, bluing, etc., it is the total effect of these chemicals on the color change that is being evaluated. 2. Principle 2.1 Specimens are lau
5、ndered under ap- propriate conditions of temperature, de- tergent solution, powdered non-chlorine bleach solution and abrasive action for five home laundering cycles. The laun- dered specimens are evaluated for color change. 3. Terminology 3.1 bleach, n.in home laundering, a product that will clean,
6、 whiten, brighten and aid in the removal of soils and stains from textile materials by oxidation that is inclusive of chlorine and non-chlorine products. 3.2 colorfastness, n.the resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer of its color- ant(s) to adjacent mate
7、rials or both, as a result of the exposure of the material to any environment that might be encoun- tered during the processing, testing, stor- age or use of the materials. 3.3 laundering, n.of textile materi- als, a process intended to remove soil and/or stains by treatment (washing) with an aqueou
8、s detergent solution and nor- mally including subsequent rinsing, ex- tracting and drying. 3.4 non-chlorine bleach, n.a prod- uct that does not release the hypochlorite ion in solution; i.e., sodium perborate, so- dium percarbonate. 3.4.1 liquid non-chlorine bleach, n. a product that contains hydrog
9、en perox- ide as its active ingredient. 3.4.2 powdered non-chlorine bleach, n.a product that contains either sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate as its active ingredient. 4. Safety Precautions NOTE: These safety precautions are for information purposes only. The pre- cautions are ancillary to th
10、e testing proce- dures and are not intended to be all inclu- sive. It is the users responsibility to use safe and proper techniques in handling materials in this test method. Manufac- turers MUST be consulted for specific details such as material safety data sheets and other manufacturers recommenda
11、- tions. All OSHA standards and rules must also be consulted and followed. 4.1 Good laboratory practices should be followed. Wear safety glasses in all laboratory areas. 4.2 The 1993 AATCC Standard Refer- ence Detergent WOB may cause irrita- tion. Care should be taken to prevent ex- posure to skin a
12、nd eyes. 4.3 Manufacturers safety recommen- dations should be followed when operat- ing laboratory testing equipment. 4.4 All chemicals should be handled with care. 4.5 The procedure for determining the percent active oxygen content outlined in 13.7 should be handled only in an ade- quately ventilat
13、ed laboratory hood. In preparing, dispensing and handling the reagents, use chemical goggles or face shield, impervious gloves and an imper- vious apron. 4.6 An eyewash/safety shower should be located nearby and an organic vapor respirator should be available for emer- gency use. 4.7 Exposure to che
14、micals used in this procedure must be controlled at or below levels set by governmental authorities (e.g., Occupational Safety and Health Administrations OSHA permissible exposure limits PEL as found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 amended as of January 1, 1989). In addition, the American Con- ference of Govern
15、mental Industrial Hy- gienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Val- ues (TLVs) comprised of time weighted averages (TLV-TWA), short term expo- sure limits (TLV-STEL) and ceiling lim- its (TLV-C) are recommended as a gen- eral guide for air contaminant exposure which should be met (see 13.1). 5. Uses and Lim
16、itations 5.1 Non-chlorine bleaches are avail- able in two different formspowdered or liquid. This method only evaluates the colorfastness of textiles to powdered non- chlorine bleach in home laundering. Due to differences in active ingredients, the results obtained by this method may not be represen
17、tative of results obtained by the use of liquid non-chlorine bleach on textiles during laundering. 6. Apparatus and Materials 6.1 Automatic washing machine (see 13.2). 6.2 Automatic tumble dryer (see 13.3). 6.3 Conditioning/drying racks with pull-out screens or perforated shelves (see 13.4). 6.4 Bal
18、last of 92 92 3 cm (36 36 1 in.) hemmed pieces of bleached cotton sheeting (Wash load ballast type 1) or 50/ 50 polyester/cotton bleached of plain weave construction (Wash load ballast type 3) (see 13.5). 6.5 1993 AATCC Standard Reference Detergent WOB (see 13.6). 6.6 Facilities for drip and line dr
19、ying. 6.7 Balance with at least 5 kg (20 lbs) capacity. 6.8 Powdered non-chlorine bleach (see 13.7 and 13.8). 7. Test Specimens 7.1 The weight of the test specimen can influence the results of this test. Only one test specimen is to be laundered in a load. For ease in weighing fabrics, the test spec
20、imen weight is to be 110.0 10.0 g (0.25 0.02 lb). For garment testing, one garment is to be tested. If the gar- ment weight exceeds the specified load weight of 1.8 kg or 4 lb, the total weight is to be included in the report. See 8.2.2 for exact weight specifications on load. 8. Procedure 8.1 Table
21、s I, II and III summarize washing and drying conditions available for testing. AATCC Test Method 172-2007 Colorfastness to Powdered Non-Chlorine Bleach in Home Laundering Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists AATCC Technical Manual/2008TM 172-2007305 8.2 Washing. 8.2.
22、1 Fill the washer with the specified water volume at the selected water tem- perature using the normal cycle setting. Measure and record the water hardness in any test. 8.2.2 Add 66 1 g of 1993 AATCC Standard Reference Detergent WOB. Add the amount of the powdered non- chlorine bleach recommended by
23、 the manufacturer. Add test specimen and enough ballast to make a 1.8 0.1 kg (4.00 0.25 lb) load. Set the washer on the cycle selected for washing and set the wash timer (see Tables I and II). Start the agitation and independently time the wash for reproducible results. Advance the dial to the end o
24、f the wash cycle and rinse at a temperature below 29C (85F). If this rinse temperature is not attainable, record the actual temperature of the rinse water used. 8.2.3 For specimens to be dried by pro- cedures A, B or D, allow washing to pro- ceed automatically through the final spin cycle. Remove te
25、st specimens immedi- ately after the final spin cycle, separate any tangled piecestaking care to mini- mize distortionand dry by procedures A, B or D (see Tables I and III). 8.2.4 For specimens to be dried by pro- cedure C, Drip Dry, stop the washer at the end of the final rinse cycle just before th
26、e water begins to drain. Remove the speci- mens soaking wet. 8.3 Drying. 8.3.1 (A) Tumble Dry. Place the washed load (test specimens and ballast) in the tumble dryer, set on the cycle which generates the correct exhaust tem- peratures as specified in Table III. For fibers that are heat sensitive, lo
27、wer tem- peratures consistent with producers rec- ommendations are required and must be reported. Operate the dryer until the total load is dry. Remove the load immediately after machine stops. 8.3.2 (B) Line Dry. Hang each speci- men by two corners with the fabric length in the vertical direction.
28、Allow the test specimens to hang in still air at room temperature until dry. 8.3.3 (C) Drip Dry. Hang each dripping wet specimen by two corners, with the fabric length in the vertical direction. Al- low specimens to hang in still air at room temperature until dry. 8.3.4 (D) Screen Dry. Spread each s
29、pecimen on a horizontal screen or perfo- rated surface, removing wrinkles but not distorting or stretching, and allow to dry in still air at room temperature. 8.4 Repeat 8.2 and 8.3 for a total of five launderings. 8.5 After drying, condition the speci- mens for at least 4 h by laying each specimen
30、separately on the screen or per- forated shelf of a conditioning rack in an atmosphere of 21 1C (70 2F) and 65 2% RH before evaluating color change. 9. Evaluation 9.1 The color change can be quantita- tively determined by measuring the color difference between the unwashed sample and a tested specim
31、en using a suitable colorimeter or spectrophotometer with the appropriate software (see AATCC Evaluation Procedure 7, Instrumental As- sessment of the Change in Color of a Test Specimen). 9.2 To evaluate the color change of the test specimens visually, rate the color change of the test specimens usi
32、ng the Gray Scale for Color Change. (Usage of the scale is discussed in Evaluation Pro- cedure 1.) Grade 5negligible or no change as shown in Gray Scale Step 5. Grade 4.5change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 4-5. Grade 4change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 4. Grade 3.5change in colo
33、r equivalent to Gray Scale Step 3-4. Grade 3change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 3. Grade 2.5change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 2-3. Grade 2change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 2. Grade 1.5change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 1-2. Grade 1change in color equivale
34、nt to Gray Scale Step 1. 10. Interpretation of Results 10.1 This test is a satisfactory end use test for demonstrating the effect of the 1993 AATCC Standard Reference Deter- gent WOB and powdered non-chlorine bleach on textile materials in home laun- dering. 10.2 If a significant color change is ob-
35、 served, an untreated duplicate sample could be retested using either this method with detergent only, or the 2A Test in AATCC Method 61, Colorfastness to Laundering: Accelerated, without the ad- dition of powdered non-chlorine bleach. This will determine whether the color change is due to dye insta
36、bility or a bleach effect. 11. Report 11.1 Report the numerical average color change grade for each specimen tested. 11.2 Report washing procedure (Ara- bic and Roman Numerals) and drying procedure (capital letter from Table I; i.e., (1) IIIA (iii) means NORMAL cy- cle, wash water temperature of 41
37、3C Table IWashing and Drying Conditions Machine CycleWashing TemperaturesDrying Procedures (1) Normal/Cotton Sturdy(II) 27 3C (80 5F)(A) Tumble: (2) Delicate(III) 41 3C (105 5F)i. iiCotton Sturdy (3) Permanent Press(IV) 49 3C (120 5F)ii. iDelicate (V) 60 3C (140 5F)iii. Permanent Press (B) Line (C)
38、Drip (D) Screen Table IITypical Washing Machine Operating Parameters1 NormalDelicatePermanent Press (A) Water Level68.1 3.8 L (18 1.0 gal) 68.1 3.8 L (18 1.0 gal) 68.1 3.8 L (18 1.0 gal) (B) Agitator Rate179 2 spm2119 2 spm179 2 spm (C) Washing Time12 min8 min10 min (D) Spin Speed645 15 rpm3430 15 r
39、pm430 15 rpm (E) Final Spin Cycle6 min4 min4 min 1Per machine specifications. 2spm = strokes per minute. 3rpm = revolutions per minute. Table IIIDryer Conditions Normal or Cotton/SturdyDelicatePermanent Press Exhaust TemperatureHighLowHigh 66 5C (150 10F) 60C (140F)66 5C (150 10F) Cool Down Time10 m
40、in10 min10 min Copyright 2007 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists 306TM 172-2007AATCC Technical Manual/2008 (105 5F), tumble dry (permanent press). 11.3 Record the brand and quantity of the powdered non-chlorine bleach used. 11.4 Report the percent available oxygen. 11.5 Record th
41、e weight of fabric speci- men or garment tested. 12. Precision and Bias 12.1 Interlaboratory Test Data. An in- terlaboratory study was carried out in 1986 to establish the precision of this test method for determining the effect of powdered non-chlorine bleach in home laundering on the colorfastness
42、 of textile materials. Four materials were tested separately for five cycles of home laundering in du- plicate at each of the five laboratories us- ing one brand of powdered non-chlorine bleach. After completing the laundering, three raters independently assessed the color change on each specimen of
43、 each fabric using the Gray Scale for Color Change. The washing and drying condi- tions were (1)IVa (see Table I for inter- pretation of code). Each of the 24 24 in. specimens that were washed separately ranged in weight from 72-97 g (0.16-0.21 lb). The fabrics were 100% cotton and polyester/cotton.
44、 Dyes were direct, pig- ment and disperse. The color change average grades for the three raters at the five laboratories were 3.33-3.93. 12.2 Precision. The components of variance as standard deviations of color- fastness grades were calculated to be as follows: Single-operator component0.22 Within-
45、laboratory component0.21 Between-laboratory component0.00 For the components of variance re- ported above, the average of two color change grades should be considered sig- nificantly different at the 95% probability level if their difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed in Table
46、 IV. 12.3 Bias. The true value of colorfast- ness to non-chlorine bleach in home laun- dering can only be defined in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, this method has no known bias. 13. Notes 13.1 Available from Publications Office, ACGIH, Kemper Woods Center, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., C
47、incinnati OH 45240; tel: 513/742-2020. 13.2 Contact AATCC, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park NC 27709; tel: 919/ 549-8141; fax: 919/549-8933; e-mail: orders aatcc.org, for model number(s) and source(s) of current approved washer(s). Any other washer which is known to give comparable re- sults c
48、an be used. Washing machine condi- tions given in Table II represent the actual speeds and times available on current speci- fied model(s). Other washers may vary in one or more of these settings. 13.3 Contact AATCC, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park NC 27709; tel: 919/ 549-8141; fax: 919/549-8
49、933; e-mail: orders aatcc.org, for model number(s) and source(s) of current approved dryer(s). Any other dryer which is known to give comparable results can be used. Dryer machine conditions given in Table III represent the actual speeds and times available on current specified model(s). Other dryers may vary in one or more of these set- tings. 13.4 Screen or perforated conditioning/dry- ing racks available from Somers Sheet Metal Inc., 5590 N. Church St., G