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1、Visual Quality Characteristics of Aluminum Extrusions The 11corDor?ted Aluminum Association Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitte
2、d without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Visual Quality Characteris
3、tics of Aluminum Extrusions First Edition December 1993 The Aluminum Association, Inc 900 19th Street, NW Washington, DC 2006 Copyright O 1993 The Aluminum Association, Inc. Reaffirmed 2002 Incorporated The Aluminum Association 9 Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license
4、with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABOUT THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION The member companies of The Aluminum Association, Inc., represent approximately 85 per- cent of do
5、mestic production of primary ingot and shipments of U.S. aluminum mill products. Mill prod- ucts include sheet and plate; foil; extrusions; electri- cal conductor and wire, rod and bar. In addition to producers of primary ingot and mill products, the associations membership also includes secondary s
6、melters, foundries and producers of master alloy and additives. The association is a primary source of statistics, standards and economic and technical information on aluminum and the aluminum industry in the United States. 1 DISCLAIMER NOTICE The use of any information contained herein by any membe
7、r or non-member of The Aluminum Association is entirely voluntary. The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in compiling the information contained in this book. While The Aluminum Association believes that its compila - tion procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or
8、 impliedly, the accuracy or com- pleteness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of the information herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other technical materials are reviewed at least every five yea
9、rs and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain ation in this publication has n the interim between publica- use. c Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing,
10、Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- i isual quality attributes of aluminum extrusions V has been compiled by a task group of the tech- nical committee on product standards as a reference for those who have an interest i
11、n extruded products and who have an interest in the terminology com- monly used in this segment of the aluminum industry. The terms are arranged alphabetically in the index based on the term noun followed by the appropriate adjective. The preferred terms, obtained by consen- sus, are defined; other
12、terms for the same condition are cross referenced. In cases where a term has become obsolete, it is given in parenthesis. Readers are encouraged to use the preferred terms. The reader should be mindful that terminology is the subject of this document. The visual quality attributes defined, together
13、with any visual represen- tation, do not constitute quality standards. In many instances, the definitions are enhanced by visual extremes. Whenever possible, typical causes are given for the visual attributes. these causes may differ from the experience of the reader due to alternate equip- ment, pr
14、ocesses, or technology. Though a number of Aluminum Association mem- ber companies provided pictures and sketches, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation also gave the Association use of illustrations from their published document. TASK GROUP ON VISUAL QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Arv
15、id N. Anderson Aluminum Company of America Gary A. Jones (Chairman) R. D. Werner Company, Inc. Ron C. McClure, Jr. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. R. (Ram) Ramanan Alcan Ingot Philip O. Wakeling Inco Alloys International Cliff C. Hartelius V. A. W. of America, Inc. Jeffrey K. Kelly Cressona Aluminu
16、m Company Charles H. Oakley Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. James L. Rowland Reynolds Metal Company VISLQUALITYCHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04
17、/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- . III Page Back End Condition . 1 Bearing Mark: Bearing Streak: See “Mark, Bearing See “Streak, Bearing” Blister . .2 Blow Hole 2 Bow . 3 Broken Die 4 Broken Edge See “Tear, Speed” Burr, Saw . 4 Carbon Mark:
18、See “Mark, Carbon” Chaffing (Obsolete): See “Mark, Traffic” Chatter . .5 Condensation Stain: Coring: See “Back End Condition” Corrosion, Pitting . 6 Corrosion, Water Stain 7 Crack, Speed: See “Tear, Speed” Dent: See “Mark, Handling” Die Line . 8 Die Stop: See “Mark, Stop” Drag Mark: See “Rub, Tool”
19、Extrusion Seam: See “Seam, Extrusion” Feed In: Flatness .9 Flow Line: See “Line, Flow” Handling, Mark: See “Mark, Handling” Heat Treat Stain: Hook 9 Hot Spot 1 O Hot Tear: See “Tear, Speed” Inclusion 1 O Inclusion, Stringer . 1 O Incomplete Weld: See “Weld, Incomplete” Incomplete Seam: See “Weld, In
20、complete” See “Corrosion, Water Stain” See “Back End Condition” See “Stain, Heat Treat” Kink 11 VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 0
21、4/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv Page Lamination . 11 Line, Flow 12 Line Weld: See “Seam, Extrusion” Mark 12 Mark, Bearing . .12 Mark, Carbon 13 Mark, Drag: See “Rub, Tool” Mark, Handling 14 Mark Roll . 15 Mark, Snap 16 Mark, Stop . 17 M
22、ark, Stretcher Jaw 18 Mark, Traffic 19 Nick: See “Mark, Handling” Off Contour (Obsolete): See “Flatness” Orange Peel 20 Parting Line . 21 Piping: See “Back End Condition” Pitting: See “Cor rosion, Pitting ” Pitting Corrosion: See “Corrosion, Pitting” Rear End Condition: See “Back End Condition” Roll
23、 Mark: See “Mark, Roll” Rub, Tool . 23 Saw Burr: See “Burr, Saw” Saw Lubricant Stain: Scratch: See “Mark, Handling” Seam, Extrusion 23 Seam, Incomplete: See “Weld, Incomplete” Snap Mark: See “Mark, Snap” Speed Crack: See “Tear, Speed” Speed Tear: See “Tear, Speed” Squareness (Cut End) . 24 Stain, He
24、at Treat . 24 Stain, Saw Lubricant . 25 Stop Mark: See “Mark, Stop” Pick-up . .22 See “Stain, Saw Lubricant” VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not
25、for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- V Page Streak, Bearing . 26 Streak, Structural 26 Stretcher Jaw Mark: See “Mark, Stretcher Jaw” Stringer Inclusion: See “Inclusion, Stringer” Structural Streak: See “Streak, Structural” Tear, Ho
26、t: See “Tear, Speed” Tool Rub: See “Rub, Tool” Traffic Mark: See “Mark, Traffic” Twist 28 Water Stain: Water Stain Corrosion: Tear, Speed .27 See “Corrosion, Water Stain See “Corrosion, Water Stain” Weld, Incomplete .29 Weld Line: See “Seam, Extrusion” VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTR
27、USIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 1 BACK END CONDITION- A condition occurring in the l
28、ast metal to be extrud- ed. It is a result of the oxidized surface of the billet feeding into the extrusion. Caustic etching of the cross section can reveal its presence whose appear- ance can vary from a light oxide outline to a lamina- tion in a more severe case. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
29、ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 2 B LISTE R - A raisi due to during ?d
30、area on subsurfac extrusion the surface of an extruded product :e gas expansion. This can occur or thermal treatment. BLOW HOLE- A blister that has ruptured, (See also BLISTER.) and n lay produce a void. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc.
31、Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 3 BOW- Longitudinal curvature of rod, bar, profiles (shapes) and tube. Bow is measured after allowi
32、ng the weight of the extrusion to minimize the deviation. Bow can be caused by a non-uniform extrusion rate across the cross section resulting in one portion of the extrusion being longer than the other or non-uniform contraction during quenching. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSI
33、ONS - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 4 BROKEN DIE- A deviation from the desired cross sect
34、ion due to the absence of a certain portion of the die used to extrude the profile (shape). In the illustration, a small portion of the die in the area of a narrow tongue has fractured and been carried away in the extrusion process. Succeeding metal extruded will fill the void resulting in the absen
35、ce of that feature in the extru- sion. BURR, SAW- The thin ridge or area of rough- ness left by sawing. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for R
36、esale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 5 CHATTER- A non-uniform surface made up of intermittent lines, or grooves, perpendicular to the extrusion direction. Chatter can be caused by vibration as the extrusion moves away from the die at a
37、speed, or deflection of a deep tongue in the die itself. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or
38、networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 6 CORROSION, PITTING- The deterioration of a metal by chemical or electro- chemical reaction with its environment. Pitting cor- rosion is a localized condition on the metal surface. It can be caused by reaction with atmospheric con- taminants. - VI
39、SUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 7 COR
40、 ROSION, WATER STA1 N - Superficial oxidation of the surface with a water film, in the absence of circulating air, held between close- ly adjacent metal surfaces. Water stain is commonly white but can vary from iridescent to black. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The
41、Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 8 DIE LINE- A longitudinal depression or protrusion formed on the surface
42、 of drawn or extruded material. Die lines are present to some degree in all extrusions and are caused by a roughening of the die bearing. - VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/11111
43、11001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 9 FLATNESS (OBSOLETE: OFF CONTOUR)- Pertains to the deviation of a cross-section surface intended to be flat. Flatness can be affected by con- ditions such as die pe
44、rformance, thermal effects, and stretching. HOOK- An abrupt deviation from straightness. Hook can be caused by non-uniform metal flow during break- through. (See also BOW.) VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS - Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license w
45、ith AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 10 INCLUSION- Foreign matter in an extruded product. An inclusion can be cast in the billet or entrained during extrusion. INCLUSI
46、ON, STRING E R- A short narrow streak, parallel to the direction of extrusion. A Stringer Inclusion is an impurity entrapped in the billet during solidification. It may be revealed during extrusion or subsequent finishing. (See also INCLUSION.) (No picture.) HOT SPOT- Dark gray or black surface patc
47、hes appearing after anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and course magnesium silicide pre- cipitate caused by non-uniform cooling after extru- sion. VISUAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. Provided by IHS under license with AA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 05:28:02 MDTNo reproduct