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1、 GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY JANUARY 2004 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2004 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Copyright American Bureau
2、 of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This Page Intentionally Left Blank Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with
3、ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY . 2004 iii Foreword Background Fire safety regulations can have a major impact on
4、many aspects of the overall design of ships, including design layout, aesthetics, function, costs, etc. Rapid developments in modern shipbuilding technology have often resulted in unconventional structures and design solutions. As the physical size of ships continuously increases, the complexity of
5、design and functionality also increases. At the same time, there have been great strides in understanding of fire processes and their interrelationship with humans and ships. Advancement has been particularly rapid in the areas of analytical fire modeling. Several different types of such models, wit
6、h varying degrees of sophistication, have been developed in recent years and are used by engineers in the design process. The SOLAS regulation II-2/Regulation 17, “Alternative design and arrangements”, along with supporting MSC/Circ. 1002 entered into force on July 1, 2002, allows a methodology to b
7、e used for alternative design and arrangements for fire safety. It essentially permits the use of a performance- based fire engineering approach to achieve an equivalent level of safety to the prescriptive requirements for all ship types. This approach focuses on the overall performance of specific
8、arrangements and their ability to meet the fire safety objectives, enabling enhanced flexibility in ship design and allowing for arrangements which traditionally had not been permitted within the prescriptive framework. As a result, the ship design is no longer restricted to the predefined condition
9、s within the regulations. The fire safety measures can now be chosen to address the specific hazards present in each ship. Instead of prescribing exactly which protective measures are required, the performance of the overall system is presented against a specified set of design objectives (such as s
10、tating that satisfactory escape should be affected in the event of fire). Fire modeling and evacuation modeling can often be used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed protective measures. MSC/Circ. 1002, “Guidelines on Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety”, outline the methodol
11、ogy for the engineering analysis required by SOLAS regulation II-2/17, applying to a specific fire safety system, design or arrangements for which the approval of an alternative design deviating from prescriptive requirements of SOLAS Chapter II-2 is sought. However, in MSC/Circ. 1002, little inform
12、ation has been provided for some crucial parts of fire safety analysis, for example, how to develop the performance criteria and how to select the hazard for analysis. In fact, designers and shipbuilders need the processing guidance on how to carry out the procedures addressed in MSC/Circ. 1002. In
13、response to industry need, ABS has developed these Guidance Notes on Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety in order to assist in the understanding of MSC/Circ. 1002. These Guidance Notes not only encapsulate the entire contents of MSC/Circ. 1002, but also provide supplemental materials
14、 to further explain the guidelines in MSC/Circ. 1002, in particular, in the areas of identifying design fire scenarios, developing trials, selecting design tools for trial alternative designs and developing performance-based criteria, etc. Therefore, these Guidance Notes provide a practical methodol
15、ogy for the situations where an alternative design is being proposed on the premise that it provides the equivalent level of safety to the SOLAS regulations. Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05
16、 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY . 2004 Contents of the Guidance Notes These Guidance Notes follow the section numbering of MSC/Circ. 1002 and provide explanatory appendices for the
17、 issues addressed in those sections. The contents of the Guidance Notes take the following order: Section 1: Application. The purpose and the scope of application of these Guidance Notes are addressed in this Section. Section 2: Definitions. This Section defines the general terms used with specific
18、technical meanings in these Guidance Notes for the purpose of clarification. Some terms which are not listed in MSC/Circ. 1002, but used in these Guidance Notes, are listed in a separate order. Section 3: Engineering Analysis. This Section emphasizes the necessity of following an established approac
19、h for the process of the alternative design and arrangements. This Section also provides two examples of established approaches, and defines the proper phases of process, i.e., preliminary analysis and quantitative analysis. Section 4: Design Team. This Section emphasizes the qualification and the r
20、esponsibility of the design team acceptable to the Administration. Section 5: Preliminary Analysis in Qualitative Terms. The process of preliminary analysis is outlined in detail in this Section. The Subsections contain a great deal of explanatory material to supplement the original section of MSC/C
21、irc. 1002 regarding the definition of scope, the development of fire scenarios, the development of trial alternative designs and the preliminary analysis report. Section 6: Quantitative Analysis. The quantitative analysis is the most labor-intensive from a fire safety engineering standpoint. It cons
22、ists of quantifying the design fire scenarios, developing the performance criteria, verifying the acceptability of the selected safety margins and evaluating the performance of trial alternative designs against the prescriptive performance criteria. All of these issues are discussed in detail in thi
23、s Section, and some are further discussed in the corresponding Appendices of these Guidance Notes. Section 7: Documentation. This Section lists the necessary steps of documentation for all design processes. Appendix A: Report on the Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety. Th
24、is Appendix shows the official submittal form for the approval of alternative design and arrangements for fire safety. Appendix B: Document of Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety. This Appendix shows the official submittal form for the documentation of alternative design
25、and arrangements for fire safety. Appendix C: Technical Reference and Resources. This Appendix emphasizes the necessary requirements of reliable technical references and resources. Some examples of the technical references and resources are provided in this appendix. Appendix D: Identifying Design F
26、ire Scenarios. This Appendix discusses the methodology to provide minimum design fire scenarios for evaluation of alternative design and arrangements. Two types of the probabilistic and deterministic design techniques are reviewed. Appendix E: Developing Trial Alternative Designs. This Appendix focu
27、ses on how to develop trial alternative designs to represent fire protection system design alternatives developed to address design fire scenarios to achieve the previously established performance requirements. Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boe
28、ing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY . 2004 v Appendix F: Design Tools for Trial Alternative Designs. This Appendix reviews the fundame
29、ntals of fire modeling in quantitative fire analysis. It discusses the basics of fire modeling, major assumptions, heat transfer and fire dynamics, explicabilities and limitations of the fire modeling. The main part of this Appendix is devoted to zone modeling and field (CFD) modeling techniques. Th
30、e final portion of this Appendix lists some available fire models developed for various fire protection applications. Appendix G: Developing Performance-based Criteria. This Appendix states the effects of life safety and non-life safety criteria on the development of performance criteria. As the con
31、sideration of tenability of life safety becomes increasingly important in fire safety design, the effects of various life-threatening hazards are discussed in this Appendix. Appendix H: Example Analysis - Alternative Design and Arrangements for Containership Cargo Spaces. This Appendix provides an e
32、xample of alternative design for a carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system in a containership cargo hold. This Appendix outlines the procedures to complete the design process and gives step-by-step illustrations on how the equivalent level of fire protection provided by alternative design can be me
33、t against the prescriptive regulations and requirements. Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This Page Intentionally Le
34、ft Blank Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY
35、. 2004 vii GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY CONTENTS SECTION 1 Application1 SECTION 2 Definitions.3 SECTION 3 Engineering Analysis.5 1 Process of Alternative Design and Arrangements.5 2 Examples of Acceptable Approaches5 3 Phases of Process.5 SECTION 4 Design Tea
36、m.7 1 General Requirements.7 2 Qualifications .7 3 Responsibility of Design Team7 4 Setting the Comparison .8 SECTION 5 Preliminary Analysis to Qualitative Terms 9 1 Definitions of Scope.9 1.1 Contents of Scope.9 1.2 Documenting Regulations.11 2 Development of Fire Scenarios .11 2.1 General .11 3 De
37、velopment of Trial Alternative Designs13 4 Preliminary Analysis Report.13 4.1 Contents of Report13 4.2 Submittal of Report .13 TABLE 1 Examples of Fire Safety Goals 10 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/200
38、8 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- viii ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY . 2004 SECTION 6 Quantitative Analysis 15 1 General 15 1.1 Scope15 1.2 Risk Assessment.15 2 Quantification of Design Fire Scenarios 15 2
39、.1 Choosing Models for Quantification.15 2.2 Developing Fire Scenarios 17 2.3 Description of Fire Scenarios 17 2.4 Consequences of Fire Scenarios 17 3 Development of Performance Criteria .17 3.1 General17 3.2 Performance Criteria Based Directlyn on SOLAS Chapter II-2 .18 3.3 Performance Criteria Dev
40、eloped from a Commonly Used Acceptable Prescriptive Design .18 3.4 Specific Performance Criteria and Safety Margins19 3.5 Impact on Areas not Specifically Part of the Alternative Design.19 3.6 Evaluation19 4 Evaluation of Trial Alternative Designs19 4.1 Process Flowchart.19 4.2 Analysis of Trial Des
41、ign.19 4.3 Level of Engineering Analysis .20 4.4 Final Alternative Design and Arrangements20 FIGURE 1 Alternative Design and Arrangements Process Flowchart20 SECTION 7 Documentation.21 1 Basic Requirements.21 1.1 Scope of the Analysis or Design21 1.2 Description of Alternative Design(s) or Arrangeme
42、nt(s) .21 1.3 Results of Preliminary Analysis.22 1.4 Results of Quantitative Analysis22 2 Documentation of Approval .23 3 Reporting and Approval Forms23 3.1 Report23 3.2 Documentation23 4 Reference in SOLAS Certificates 23 APPENDIX 1 Report on the Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for
43、Fire Safety .25 APPENDIX 2 Document of Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety .27 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without
44、 license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY . 2004 ix APPENDIX 3 Technical References and Resources .29 APPENDIX 4 Identifying Design Fire Scenarios 31 1 General 31 2 Identifying Design Fire Scenarios31 3 Probabilistic Design .32 3.1 Background.3
45、2 3.2 Basic Probabilistic Techniques33 3.3 Data Required.36 3.4 Common Mode Failures37 4 Deterministic Design38 4.1 Background.38 5 Design Fire Curves40 6 Design Fire Scenarios in NFPA 10142 FIGURE 1 Fault Tree and Gate for Case when Lower-level Events are Dependent.35 FIGURE 2 Fault Tree and Gate f
46、or Case when Lower-level Events are Independent.36 FIGURE 3 Event Tree36 FIGURE 4 Phases of a Design Fire Curve41 APPENDIX 5 Developing Trial Alternative Designs.43 1 General 43 2 Functional Statements, Performance Requirements and Trial Designs43 3 Subsystems .45 3.1 Fire Initiation and Development
47、.45 3.2 Spread, Control and Management of Smoke45 3.3 Fire Detection and Alarm 46 3.4 Automatic Fire Suppression Systems .46 3.5 Human Behavior and Egress 47 3.6 Passive Fire Protection .47 4 Fire Safety Concept Tree (FSCT)48 5 References.52 TABLE 1 Examples of Objectives, Functional Statements and
48、Performance Requirements.44 FIGURE 1 Top Gate of FSCT48 FIGURE 2 Prevent Fire Ignition Branch of FSCT49 FIGURE 3 Logic Symbols Used in FSCT49 FIGURE 4 Major Branch of Manage Fire Impact 49 FIGURE 5 Manage Fire Branch of FSCT50 FIGURE 6 Manage Exposed Branch of FSCT51 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 19:33:05 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- x ABS G