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1、 GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES OCTOBER 2003 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2003 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Copyright American Bureau of Shipping
2、Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This Page Intentionally Left Blank Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=
3、Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2003 iii Foreword The focus of ergonomics is the study of the role of humans in the safe and efficient ope
4、ration of complex industrial systems and the application of ergonomic principles and data to the design of equipment and systems. The importance of the “human element” and ergonomics in maritime safety is increasingly recognized and embraced by the maritime community (ONeil, 2001). These Guidance No
5、tes for the Ergonomic Design of Navigation Bridges inform vessel designers of the ergonomic principles and data appropriate to the design of navigation bridges; and in doing so serve to supplement and support the ABS Guide for Bridge Design and Navigational Equipment/Systems. These Guidance Notes ar
6、e consistent with the principal international statutory and discretionary guidance addressing the design of bridge systems, including: International Association of Classification Societies Standard for Bridge Design, Equipment, and Arrangement; International Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS),
7、 as amended, and; the International Maritime Organizations Guidelines on Ergonomic Criteria for Bridge Equipment and Layout. The guidance contained in this document is deemed generally appropriate to seagoing vessels of various types and categories, such as container vessels, oil carriers, bulk carr
8、iers, workboats, ferries, surface type utility vessels passenger vessels and so on. This being the case, this document provides: i) General ergonomic design guidance (design principles) for navigation bridges (Section 2), ii) Specific bridge design guidance gleaned from international sources, such a
9、s the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) (see Sections 3 through 11), iii) A process to identify individual vessel bridge requirements to guide application of ergonomic design principles (see Appendix 1). These Guidance Note
10、s do not provide more generally applicable detailed ergonomic design guidance or data, such as control dimensions, environmental limits or human anthropometry. Those data can be found in the ABS Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems. Detailed environmental control guidanc
11、e is available in the ABS Guide for Crew Habitability on Ships and the ABS Guide for Crew Habitability on Offshore Installations. These Guidance Notes do not restate all of the bridge-related requirements of international agreements and statutes. Designers must use those source documents to create a
12、nd define a base bridge requirements matrix for any particular bridge design effort. This document can be used to support the identification or refinement of requirements based on: ergonomic analysis techniques; the application of guiding principles of ergonomic design as related to bridges; and the
13、 application of detailed guidance contained in these Guidance Notes. Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This Page Inte
14、ntionally Left Blank Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES .
15、 2003 v GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction1 1 Background1 2 Application .1 3 Scope.1 SECTION 2 General Guidance (Principles of Ergonomic Design).3 1 Background3 2 Terminology.3 3 General Guidance4 3.1 Principle 1: Define the Roles and Responsibil
16、ities of Bridge Personnel.4 3.2 Principle 2: Design for Human Capabilities, Limitations and Expectations.5 3.3 Principle 3: Arrange Bridge Devices, Controls and Displays to Maximize Access7 3.4 Principle 4: Design Displays Consistent with Task Requirements8 3.5 Principle 5: Design Simple, Direct and
17、 Easy to Use Inputs and Controls.10 3.6 Principle 6: Design for Productive Performance and to Reduce Human Error11 3.7 Principle 7: Provide Job Aids and Training.12 3.8 Principle 8: Perform Testing.13 SECTION 3 Bridge Functionality 15 1 Background15 2 Terminology.15 3 General Guidance15 3.1 Bridge F
18、unctions.15 3.2 Growth of Bridge Functionality16 3.3 Ancillary Bridge Functions.16 TABLE 1 Sample Bridge Functions and Responsibilities17 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction
19、or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- vi ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2003 SECTION 4 Bridge Arrangement and Layout19 1 Background19 2 Terminology .19 3 Internal Visibility.20 3.1 Height of Lower Edge of Front Windows.20 3.2 Height of Upper Edge of F
20、ront Windows.20 3.3 Window Framing .20 3.4 Window Inclination 21 3.5 Clear View.21 3.6 Visibility from Bridge Window22 4 External Visibility22 4.1 View of Sea Surface22 4.2 Field of View Around Vessel22 4.3 Navigating and Maneuvering Workstation Field of View 23 4.4 Bridge Wing Field of View .24 4.5
21、 Main Steering Position Field of View.24 4.6 Blind Sectors.25 4.7 View of the Vessels Side 25 5 Overall Arrangement25 5.1 Vessel Control.25 5.2 Navigating and Maneuvering Workstations.26 5.3 Manual Steering Workstation 26 5.4 Monitoring Workstation26 5.5 Main Stations Communication.26 5.6 Bridge Win
22、g Communication.26 6 Traffic.27 6.1 Clear Route Across the Wheelhouse 27 6.2 Obstructions at the Point of Entry27 6.3 Adjacent Workstations.27 6.4 Passageway Distance.27 6.5 Doors.27 6.6 Bridge Ceiling Clearance Height .27 6.7 Main Workstations.27 7 Sound Signals28 7.1 Audibility of Sound Signals In
23、side the Bridge28 7.2 External Sound Signals.28 FIGURE 1 Example of Height of Upper Edge of Front Window in Relation to Eye Height .21 FIGURE 2 View of Sea Surface 22 FIGURE 3 Field of View Around Vessel23 FIGURE 4 Navigating, Maneuvering and Monitoring Workstations and Conning Position Field of Vie
24、w.23 FIGURE 5 Bridge Wing Field of View24 FIGURE 6 Main Steering Position Field of View .24 FIGURE 7 Typical Bridge Arrangement 25 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or netw
25、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2003 vii SECTION 5 Console and Workspace Design 29 1 Background29 2 Terminology.29 3 Configuration29 3.1 Workstation Area Configuration 29 3.2 Single Watchstander Console.29 3.3 Design of C
26、onsoles for both Seated and Standing Operation 29 3.4 Console Left-to-Right Viewing Angle.30 3.5 Console Height30 3.6 Console Leg Room .30 3.7 Chart Table Dimensions31 3.8 Chair Design .31 4 Location of Instruments and Equipment32 4.1 Location Above Front Window 32 4.2 Instruments and Equipment at N
27、avigating and Maneuvering Workstations32 4.3 Other Instrument and Equipment Locations33 4.4 Mounting .34 4.5 Portable Items.34 5 Communication Devices34 5.1 Internal and External Communications .34 5.2 Additional Communications Equipment.35 5.3 Radiotelephone Public Correspondence.35 5.4 Written Com
28、munications Reception35 FIGURE 1 Console Configuration and Dimensions for Standing Positions.30 FIGURE 2 Console Configuration and Dimensions for Sitting Positions.31 SECTION 6 Detailed Design37 1 Background37 2 Terminology.37 3 Display Arrangement .37 3.1 Immediate Field of View37 3.2 Preferred Vie
29、wing Area.37 4 Information Display38 4.1 Lack of Ambiguity38 4.2 Digital Displays38 4.3 Update of Information38 4.4 Information Duration39 4.5 Display Simplicity39 4.6 Tailoring the Display to Bridge Personnel Needs39 4.7 Display Fields for the Display of Important Information39 4.8 Graphic Display
30、Enhancement39 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- viii ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2
31、003 4.9 Indication of Scale.39 4.10 Aiding Distance Judgments.39 4.11 Multifunction Displays39 5 Organization of Visual Information.39 5.1 Consistent Screen Organization39 5.2 Consistent Presentation 39 5.3 Grouping of Information on a Display39 5.4 Demarcation of Information Groups 40 5.5 High Prio
32、rity Displays 40 5.6 Centering of Shared Displays40 5.7 Instrumentation Grouping40 6 Display Design.40 6.1 Font Style40 6.2 Meaningful Abbreviations40 6.3 Units of Measurement .40 6.4 Icons40 6.5 Scaling in Standard Intervals.41 6.6 Expansion of Graphic Displays41 6.7 Unobtrusive Grids41 7 Control D
33、esign.41 7.1 Control Placement.41 7.2 Control Positioning for Simultaneous Operation41 7.3 Location of Primary and Frequently Used Controls.41 7.4 Consistent Arrangement41 7.5 Spacing Between Controls41 7.6 Movement of Controls .41 7.7 Corresponding Movements .42 7.8 Return to Navigation Monitoring
34、Mode42 7.9 Minimal Actions .42 7.10 Consistency of Control Actions42 7.11 Feedback.42 7.12 Ease of Operation of Controls.42 7.13 Display Obscuration by Operation of Controls.42 7.14 Controls for Important Functions.42 7.15 Prevention of Accidental Input or Actuation.43 7.16 Control Purpose 43 7.17 S
35、imple Controls and Indicators43 7.18 Operation of Controls 43 8 Control and Display Integration .43 8.1 Logical Arrangement .43 8.2 Location Consistency 43 8.3 Visual Information for More than One Watchstander.43 8.4 Control and Display Location.43 8.5 Simultaneous Use .43 8.6 Control/Indicator Dist
36、inctiveness.43 8.7 Readability of Instruments.44 8.8 Instrument Placement .44 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS G
37、UIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2003 ix 8.9 Glare Minimization 44 8.10 Principal Maneuvering Instruments.44 8.11 Contrast Ratio.44 8.12 Character Type .45 9 Control and Display Failure Prevention.45 9.1 Loss of Power .45 9.2 Computer Network Failure 45 FIGURE 1 Immediate an
38、d Preferred Viewing Areas.38 SECTION 7 Design of Alarms and Warnings.47 1 Background47 2 Terminology.47 3 General 47 3.1 Bridge Control System Failure 47 3.2 Alarm Acknowledgement 47 3.3 Fire and Emergency Alarms47 3.4 Failure or Reduction of Power Supply.48 3.5 Sensor Input Failure or Absence.48 3.
39、6 Alarm Status .48 3.7 Continuation of Alarms48 3.8 Cancellation of Alarms48 3.9 Alarm Minimization48 3.10 Alarm Testing48 3.11 Alarm Power Supply48 3.12 Indication of Alarms.48 3.13 Presentation of Alarms48 3.14 Modes of Alarms.48 3.15 Distribution of Power Supply Failure Alarm.48 3.16 Location of
40、Alarms 48 4 Alarm/Warning Transfer System49 4.1 Alarms Requiring Response .49 4.2 Fixed Location for Transfer .49 4.3 Alarm Acknowledgement on Bridge49 4.4 Two-Way Speech Capability During Alarm Transfer.49 5 Alarms Concerning Navigation49 5.1 Alarm System49 5.2 Planned Route Deviation 49 5.3 Water
41、Depth50 5.4 Hydraulic Locking50 6 Visual Alarms.50 6.1 Discrimination of Visual Alarms.50 6.2 Presentation of Visual Alarms.50 6.3 Presentation of Normal Conditions (No Alarm) .50 6.4 Flash Rate.50 6.5 Lamp Testing 50 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS under license with ABS Licen
42、see=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- x ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2003 6.6 Visual Alarms and Night Vision .50 7 Audible Alarms.51 7.1 Use of Audible Alarms.51 7.2 Ces
43、sation of Audible Alarms .51 7.3 Differentiation of Audible Alarms from Other Signals 51 7.4 Audible Alarm Sound Characteristics51 SECTION 8 Procedures, Codes and Job Aids.53 1 Background53 2 Terminology .53 3 Coding53 3.1 General53 3.2 Color Coding .54 3.3 Shape Coding55 3.4 Audible Coding55 4 Oper
44、ating and Emergency Procedures .56 4.1 General Guidelines56 4.2 Design of Procedures56 5 Labels, Placards and Job Performance Aids.58 5.1 General58 5.2 Functional Labeling .58 5.3 Label Terminology.58 5.4 Operating/Technical Manual Availability58 TABLE 1 Color Coding Recommendations for Displays.54
45、TABLE 2 Color Coding Recommendations for Controls.54 TABLE 3 Basic Types of Audible Signals for Use on Navigation Bridges.56 SECTION 9 Work Environment.59 1 Background59 2 Terminology .59 3 Vibration.60 3.1 Vibration Levels and Comfort60 3.2 Whole Body Vibration Limits60 3.3 Preventing Motion Sickne
46、ss60 4 Noise60 4.1 General60 4.2 Maximum Noise Levels .60 4.3 Location of Noise Sources.60 4.4 Audible Alarm Sound Pressure Levels61 5 Lighting.61 5.1 General61 5.2 Task Area Lighting 61 5.3 Glare .61 5.4 Adjustability of the Lighting System.61 Copyright American Bureau of Shipping Provided by IHS u
47、nder license with ABS Licensee=Boeing Co/5910770001 Not for Resale, 08/07/2008 20:13:26 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ABS GUIDANCE NOTES ON ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF NAVIGATION BRIDGES . 2003 xi 5.5 Dark Adaptation 61 5.6 Lighting Controls.62 5.7 Flicker Avoidan
48、ce62 5.8 Lighting Control Device.62 5.9 Indirect Low-Level Lighting .62 6 Device and Instrument Illumination62 6.1 Instrument and Control Illumination and Lighting62 6.2 Lighting for Night Time and Dark Operations62 6.3 Instrument Lighting62 7 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning62 7.1 General .62 7.2 Temperature Range63 7.3 Effective Temperature.63 7.4 Temperature Differences 63 7.5 Humidity63 7.6 Hot Air Discharge63 7.7 Cold Air Discharge63 7.8