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1、Reference number ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 11179-1 First edition 1999-12-01 Information technology Specification and standardization of data elements Part 1: Framework for the specification and standardization of data elements Technologies de linformation Sp
2、cification et normalisation des lments de donnes Partie 1: Cadre pour la spcification et la normalisation des lments de donnes Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information
3、Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 12/21/00 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2002 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject
4、to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, includ
5、ing an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS unde
6、r license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 20:45:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licen
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9、n taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be r
10、eproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 4
11、1 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/20
12、07 20:45:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved iii ContentsPage 1Scope 1 2Normative References . 1 3Definitions . 1 4Abbreviations 9 5Methodology Independence . 10 6Fundamental Concepts of Data Elements .
13、 10 7Relationship of Data Elements to Other Data Concepts . 11 8Overview of ISO/IEC 11179, Parts 1-6 12 Annex AFundamental Concepts of Data Representation and Management 17 Annex BMetadata and Data Elements . 30 Bibliography. 32 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under l
14、icense with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 20:45:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) iv ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardiz
15、ation) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization t
16、o deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. International Standards are drafted in accord
17、ance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publicati
18、on as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO/IEC 11179 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any o
19、r all such patent rights. International Standard ISO/IEC 11179-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management services. ISO/IEC 11179 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Specification
20、and standardization of data elements: ?Part 1:Framework for the specification and standardization of data elements ?Part 2: Classification for data elements ?Part 3: Basic attributes of data elements ?Part 4: Rules and guidelines for the formulation of data definitions ?Part 5: Naming and identifica
21、tion principles for data elements ?Part 6: Registration of data elements Annexes A and B of this part of ISO/IEC 11179 are for information only. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resal
22、e, 05/08/2007 20:45:06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved v Introduction Background Humans are aware of anything that exists in the natural world through its properties. Data represents the properties of
23、these things. Specification of data elements, the basic units of data, involves documenting relevant characteristics of each data element to ensure its representation of the natural world item is consistent and accurate. Data that has been carefully specified and standardized greatly enhances its us
24、efulness and shareability across systems and environments. Sharing data involves the ability to locate desired data, retrieve the data, and to exchange the data with others. When data elements are well documented according to ISO/IEC 11179 and the documentation is managed in a Data Element Registry,
25、 finding and retrieving them from disparate databases as well as sending and receiving them via electronic communications are made easier. The recognition and standardization of data elements used in communications through automated information processing systems is an ongoing and essential activity
26、. The success of this activity and its application throughout the world is of vital importance if international communications among governments, businesses, and scientific communities are to be improved. The primary data sharing and standardization problems addressed by the development of ISO/IEC 1
27、1179 include, but are not limited to the following: ?A lack of mechanisms for enabling global data acquisition and interchange, particularly across application areas; ?Unique global identifiers for standard data elements currently do not exist; ?Documentation of data element characteristics is inade
28、quate to support fully automated sharing of data, including locating, retrieving, and exchanging the data; ?There is a lack of uniform guidance for identification, development, and description of data elements; ?Finding and retrieving a specific standard data element among thousands or millions is d
29、ifficult or impossible; ?No universal means for organizing standard data elements exists; ?While data is sometimes standardized within an organization, there are few common data standards between organizations; ?Exchange of data among organizations results in a proliferation of customized data inter
30、change representations; ?Data definitions and descriptions are not sufficiently precise to support reuse or multiple users of data; ?Current inventory structures for reducing logical data redundancies are inadequate; ?Global implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is impeded by a lack of
31、 standard data elements; standard data elements are needed for the content of EDI messages. To facilitate global electronic communications, the International Standards community has been working diligently to define an Open Systems Interconnection Environment (OSIE) within which diverse computer har
32、dware and applications could share information. Standards have been proposed or defined for three (hardware, software, and communications) of the four (hardware, software, communications, and data) basic components required for open information processing systems. ISO/IEC 11179 for data specificatio
33、n, the fourth basic component for open information systems, provides a mechanism for enabling data to be shared in the OSIE. For systems to be truly open, data must be portable and shareable within and among these various application environments, which span localized and distributed networks. For d
34、ata to be shareable, both the users and owners of data must have a common understanding of its meaning, representation, and identification. To understand the meaning of any data, the descriptions of the data must be available to the users from, for example, a Data Element Registry. Data must be adeq
35、uately described and users must have a convenient way to obtain these descriptions. Data Element Registries provide a way to Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/08/2007 20:45:
36、06 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) vi ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved organize the content and representation of data elements so that data descriptions are consistently specified and can be easily located by data designers and users
37、. Uniform specification of data facilitates data retrieval, data exchange, and consistent use of data throughout the Software Development Life Cycle. The units of information with normalized meanings and formats are known as “standardized data elements.“ Purpose of ISO/IEC 11179 ISO/IEC 11179 descri
38、bes the standardizing and registering of data elements to make data understandable and shareable. Data element standardization and registration as described in ISO/IEC 11179 allow the creation of a shared data environment in much less time and with much less effort than it takes for conventional dat
39、a management methodologies. The purpose of ISO/IEC 11179 is to give concrete guidance on the formulation and maintenance of discrete data element descriptions and semantic content (metadata) that shall be used to formulate data elements in a consistent, standard manner. It also provides guidance for
40、 establishing a data element registry. Although motivated by the desire for the open exchange of data throughout the international communities by electronic information interchanges, ISO/IEC 11179: ?facilitates acquisition and registration of data; ?expedites access and use of data; ?simplifies data
41、 manipulation by intelligent software by enabling manipulation of data based on characteristics described by metadata; ?enables the development of a data representation metamodel for CASE tools and repositories; and ?facilitates electronic data interchange and data sharing. ISO/IEC 11179 benefits th
42、e communication of data among information systems and people: ?within an organization; ?among different organizations; and ?crossing all levels of software and hardware, and geographic, organizational and political boundaries. Metadata about data elements is stored in a data element registry. A data
43、 element registry supports data sharing with descriptions of data. Registration is the process of documenting metadata to support data shareability. Registration should be carried out at the data element level to promote and maximize semantic value. ISO/IEC 11179 enables the end user to interpret th
44、e intended meaning confidently, correctly, and unambiguously. Users of ISO/IEC 11179 For users and managers of data, ISO/IEC 11179 specifies a basic set of data element characteristics necessary to share data. It places special emphasis on important data element characteristics such as identifiers,
45、definitions, and classification categories. ISO/IEC 11179 describes a data element registry to assist users of shared data to have a common understanding of a data elements meaning, representation, and identification. If data values are received, the user can discover the exact meaning of the data r
46、eceived. If users wish to retrieve data values from a database, they can identify the type of data desired. For systems analysts and data stewards, ISO/IEC 11179 provides a way to reuse a data element that meets a need, or to design a new data element if one does not already exist. Even before the u
47、ser accesses data elements in a database, data stewards and systems analysts must have a way to identify and describe data logically so that they do not inadvertently introduce inconsistent values of data. If systems analysts are to create products that share data, they must first be aware whether o
48、r not a data element with the required characteristics already exists. If it does, they should use it. If the systems analysts choose to replicate the data element, they must represent data elements containing the same information in the same manner. If a data element with exactly the same character
49、istics does not already exist, a data steward needs to design the data element and make its description available to software developers. ISO/IEC 11179 aids in the development of precise descriptions of data Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/996103