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1、American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, New York 10036 ANSI Z356.1-1994 for Art and Craft Materials Crayons Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/
2、2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking p
3、ermitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI Z356.1-1994 Revision of ANSI Z356.1-1981 American National Standard for Art and Craft Materials Crayons Sponsor The Art their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, p
4、urchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to
5、 issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be ad- dressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard
6、may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writ
7、ing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 1995 by American National Standards Institute All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic ret
8、rieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America APS2C495/21 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007
9、00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- i Foreword.ii 1Scope and purpose1 2Definitions .1 3Requirements 3 4Test procedures.4 Tables 1Size classification, diameters, and breaking strength of crayons .2 2Materials for crayons .3 3Packaging of crayons.4 Annex
10、ABibliography.6 Contents Page Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ii Foreword(This f
11、oreword is not part of American National Standard Z356.1-1994.) American National Standard for Art and craft materials Crayons,ANSI Z356.1-1994, was initiated by The Art the diameter of other shapes of crayons shall be measured at the thickest point of the crayon. 2Modulus of Rupture method (see 4.1
12、.2) should be used for all Thin and Extra Thick crayons, as well as Regular and Thick crayons that are less than 2-3/8 inches in length. 3Oil pastel crayons may be molded or pressed. 4Pressed crayons may be pointed or unpointed. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under l
13、icense with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI Z356.1-1994 3 Requirements 3.1 General Any crayon that is represented as complying with this standard shall meet a
14、ll of the requirements as specified herein. 3.2 Dimensions and breaking strength Crayons shall have the dimensions shown in table 1. The strength shall be tested in accor- dance with 4.1 and shall be as shown in table 1. NOTE Conversion factors for the units used in this standard are: 1 inch = 2.54
15、centimeters; 1 pound = 453.6 grams; 1 pound-force = 4.45 Newtons. 3.3 Materials Crayons shall be made of the materials speci- fied in table 2 and shall be manufactured so as to ensure compliance with the require- ments of this standard. 3.4 Toxicity Formulas for crayons shall be evaluated by a recog
16、nized authority in human toxicology. No material used in the crayons shall be present in sufficient quantities to be toxic or injurious to the human body as a result of any foresee- able handling or use. In making the determi- nation of nontoxicity of the formulation, the toxicologist shall take int
17、o account the follow- ing: a)Current scientific knowledge of the acute and chronic toxic potential of each ingredient of the formulation; b)Specific chemical form, bioavailability, levels, and amount of each potentially toxic ingredient found in the formulation; c)Physical form and reasonably forese
18、e- able uses and misuses of the art material; d)Potential for known synergism and antagonism of the various ingredients in the formulation; e)Potential acute and chronic toxic effects of any known decomposition products from any reasonably foreseeable use of the art material, including reasonably fo
19、reseeable use by children; f)Potential for any ingredient to cause allergic sensitization at its use level, or, if the ingredient is a common sensitizer, its poten- tial to cause an allergic reaction in an already-sensitized individual; g)Opinions of various regulatory agencies and scientific bodies
20、, including but not limit- ed to those of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the National Cancer Institute on the potential for chronic adverse effects of the various ingredients of the formulation. 3.5Characteristics and working properties The pigments of crayons shall be blended w
21、ith the waxes and uniformly distributed to yield uniform intense color. The crayons shall be free from grit or other foreign substances that would impair their working properties. 3 Table 2 Materials for crayons Type of crayonMaterials MoldedWater-insoluble waxes and pigments Molded hardWaxes and wa
22、x derivatives, pigments, and inert reinforcing agents Molded “washable” Water-soluble and water-insoluble waxes or their derivatives, surfactants, pigments, and inert reinforcing agents Oil pastelWater-insoluble waxes, oleaginous materials, and pigments PressedWaxes, pigments, and inert reinforcing
23、agents Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- longer than molded crayons under terms of
24、 identical use. 3.5.5 Oil pastel crayons Oil pastel crayons shall have a soft marking texture that yields color evenly without scratching. When they are applied wet with a non-toxic vehicle such as linseed oil, oil color effects can be achieved. 3.6 Color uniformity Crayons shall be of uniform color
25、 as deter- mined in accordance with the test procedure described in 4.2 and shall meet or exceed the requirements of 4.2(e). 3.7 Color The basic colors shall be intense. They shall blend readily with white or black to produce tints or shades. 3.8 Packaging The packaging may be as specified in table
26、3. Individual crayons may be unwrapped or wrapped. If wrapped, each crayon shall have a printed or colored label indicating the color of the crayon and shall also be plainly marked with the brand or company name. Each stick of oil pastel crayons shall have a protective cover- ing to provide for clea
27、n handling. 4 Test procedures 4.1 Breaking strength 4.1.1The breaking strength of Regular and Thick crayons that are 2-3/8 inches or longer Crayons shall have a marking texture that yields color evenly with moderate pressure without scratching. There shall be a minimum of flaking when the crayon is
28、rubbed on newsprint under normal working conditions. The color rubout shall be smooth and uniformly distributed, with a minimum of color streaking. The colors shall blend readily with each other. 3.5.1 Molded crayons Molded crayons shall not break, warp, or melt under moderate forces of pressure or
29、friction. The color shall be equally intense from both ends of the crayons and shall resist water. 3.5.2 Molded hard crayons Molded hard crayons shall have greater resis- tance to breakage, warpage, and melting than molded crayons. They shall also have less flaking and piling than molded crayons, sh
30、all yield an even, intense distribution of color, and shall last longer than molded crayons under terms of identical use. 3.5.3 Molded “washable” crayons Molded “washable” crayons shall have the same characteristics and working properties as given in 3.5.1 for molded crayons, except that they shall
31、not resist water, and markings made with them shall be removable from non- porous surfaces with minimum effort as deter- mined in accordance with the test procedure described in 4.3. 3.5.4 Pressed crayons Pressed crayons shall be compacted under pressure and have greater resistance to breakage, melt
32、ing, flaking, and piling than molded crayons. They shall yield an even, intense distribution of color and shall last ANSI Z356.1-1994 4 Table 3 Packaging of crayons Type of crayonType of container Number of sticks to standard package MoldedFolding, hinged, or lift-lid box6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64
33、, 80 Molded hardFolding, hinged, or lift-lid box8, 16 Molded “washable”Folding box8, 12, 24 Oil pastelLift-lid box12, 16, 24 PressedFolding, hinged, or lift-lid box8, 16 Bulk refills for all types Folding, hinged, or lift-lid box12, 36 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS
34、under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI Z356.1-1994 (round and non-round) shall be tested as fol- lows (see 3.2): a)Remove the label from the crayo
35、n; b)At an ambient temperature of 70F (21.1C), support the crayon in a horizontal position using two 1/4-inch-diameter rods placed with a distance between centers of 2-1/2 inches; c)Gradually apply the test load specified in table 1 in a vertical direction at the mid- point of the crayon, using anot
36、her 1/4-inch- diameter rod. While various methods may be used for measuring the applied load, care shall be taken to ensure that the load is applied directly to the crayon. 4.1.2The strength of all Thin and Extra Thick crayons, as well as Regular and Thick crayons that are less than 2-3/8 inches in
37、length, shall be calculated using the following formulae (see 3.2): For crayons with a non-round cross- sectional: Modulus of Rupture = 3WL/2bd2; Wis the breaking force in grams (see note); L is the length of span between the rods in millimeters (see (b) in note); b is the overall width of crayon; d
38、 is the overall depth of crayon. The results are expressed as grams per square millimeter. NOTE The breaking force of the crayon can be determined using the following test method: a) Remove the label from the crayon; b) At an ambient temperature of 70F (21.1C), support the crayon in a horizontal pos
39、ition using two 1/4-inch-diameter rods placed side by side; c) Gradually apply a load in a vertical direction at the midpoint of the crayon, using another 1/4- inch-diameter rod. While various methods may be used for measuring the applied load, care shall be taken to ensure that the load is applied
40、directly to the crayon. For crayons with a round cross-sectional: Modulus of Rupture = WL/(pi)r3; Wis the breaking force in grams (see note in 4.1.2) Lis the length of span between the rods in millimeters (see (b) in note in 4.1.2); r is the radius. 4.2 Color uniformity The color uniformity of crayo
41、ns shall be tested as follows: a)Remove the crayon label from six crayons for each color to be tested and break each crayon into two even parts; b)On a sheet of 80-lb white construction paper, mark off eighteen 2-inch-square areas for each color to be tested; c)For each of the six crayons of a parti
42、cu- lar color, fill in one 2-inch-square area with the crayon tip, one with the center of the crayon and the last area with the end of the crayon; with two of these six crayons use light pressure, with two use moderate pres- sure, and with two use heavy pressure. Repeat this procedure for each color
43、 to be tested; d)Examine the areas for color streaks; e)At least four squares in each test cate- gory (tip, center, and end), shall be free from streaks. 4.3 Removability from nonporous sur- faces The removability of molded “washable” crayon markings from nonporous surfaces shall be tested as follow
44、s: a)Materials: A light-colored test surface com- posed of a plastic laminate or similar material; One conventional 500-gram laborato- ry weight, 4 centimeters in diameter at the base; Cotton jersey, light weight; Water, cold, 6070F; b)With each of the crayons of a different color in the test packag
45、e, make a line approximately 6 inches long on the cleaned and dried test surface. The marks shall be parallel and approximately 1/2 inch apart; c)Saturate the cotton jersey with the cold water and wrap it around the 500-gram 5 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under lic
46、ense with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48:52 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- path perpendicular to and over the previ- ously applied crayon marks; e)Count the number of back-and-forth cycles require
47、d to remove evidence of the crayon marks under the path of the wet cloth; f)The crayon marks shall be removed within 30 cycles. weight, covering the bottom of the weight with one layer of cloth. Hold the other areas of the cloth between thumb and fingers to keep it in place. The total weight of the
48、assembly should be approximately 510515 grams; d)Without adding pressure from the hand or arm, slide the weighted, wet cloth on a ANSI Z356.1-1994 6 Annex A (informative) Bibliography ASTM D-4236, Standard practice for labeling art materials for chronic health hazards, 19941) 1) Available from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Licensee=USN Ship Repair Facility Yokosuka/9961031100 Not for Resale, 05/09/2007 00:48: