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1、AS/NZS 4146:2000 Australian/New Zealand Standard Laundry practice AS/NZS 4146 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 This Joint Australian/ New Zealand Standard was prepared b y Joint Techn ical Committ ee TX/16, Laundr y Pract ice. It was approved on be half of th
2、e Council of Standards Australia on 15 January 2000 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand o n 5 January 2000 . It was published on 23 F ebruary 2000. The following interests are repre sented on Committee TX/16: Australian Chemic al Specialties Manufacturer s Association Australian He
3、althcare Laundry Salmonella infection is a risk in some food processing industries while many industrial garments are contaminated with a variety of harmful substances. Because of the potential risk, the requirements for infection control in laundries processing non-hospital linen should be as strin
4、gent as those for hospital laundries. Although soiled textile articles have been identified as a source of pathogenic micro- organisms, the risk of disease transmission is negligible if hygienic and commonsense storage and handling of clean and soiled articles is practised. In this regard, it is int
5、ended that standard precautions be applied to the handling of soiled articles. That is, it is to be assumed that all soiled articles are a potential source of infection and therefore appropriate precautions are to be applied including the use of protective attire. The laundry industries in Australia
6、 and New Zealand are quite diverse and range from modest in-house laundries operated by small hotels and motels to very large linen service operations handling in excess of 200 tonnes per week. The laundry industry can be divided into five major segments, viz. commercial, industrial, hospital, insti
7、tutional and on-premises. An additional segment of the industry that is covered by this Standard includes the coin-operated laundries. These various segments of the laundry industry may be broadly described as follows: (a) COMMERCIAL Commercial laundries operate in the private sector and handle text
8、iles from the following: (i) Hotels/motels. (ii) Restaurants. (iii) Shipping and transport. (iv) Domestic or private sources. (v) Nursing homes and hospitals. The products serviced include (A) sheets, pillow cases, towels, bedspreads, blankets, continuous towels, tea towels, table linen; and (B) per
9、sonal clothing. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:20005 (b) INDUSTRIAL Industrial laundries operate in the private sector and handle textiles from the following: (i) Factories and other industrial sources. (ii) Offices, supermarkets, retail stores. (iii) Service st
10、ations. The products serviced include (A) protective clothing, e.g. overalls, aprons, uniforms, gloves; (B) leather/plastic safety wares including gloves, helmets, dust control mats, dust control mops and cloths; (C) painters drop cloths; (D) car seat covers; and (E) cleaning rags. Such laundries op
11、erate in an environment which may include dry-cleaning as well as conventional laundering processes. (c) HOSPITAL Hospital laundries operate in health or health-related areas and handle textiles from the following: (i) Hospitalsprivate, public and extended care facilities. (ii) Clinics. (iii) Dental
12、 services. (iv) Nursing homes. (v) Mental health institutions. (vi) General health care centres. The products processed may include various items including all of those items listed under commercial and the following: (A) General ward linen. (B) Operating theatre textiles. (C) Specialized hospital r
13、equirements (e.g. limb bags, ward curtains). (D) Staff uniforms. (E) Patients apparel. (F) Patients personal clothing. (d) INSTITUTIONAL Institutional laundries operate in areas such as correctional institutions, remand centres and mental health institutions. The products serviced may include those
14、items contained in commercial and hospital. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 6 (e) ON-PREMISES On-premises laundries generally operate in the hotel/motel industry, nursing homes, private hospitals and in the manufacturing industry. These laundries provide a s
15、ervice for their own internal use. (f) COIN-OPERATED Coin-operated laundries are in a somewhat different category of laundry to the previously mentioned laundries. Although coin-operated laundries are generally intended for use by householders and small commercial operators (e.g. serviced units, boa
16、rding house operators), because of time constraints they are also sometimes used by the larger commercial operators who should use the commercial laundries. Accordingly, to ensure that the end result from these laundries is of a similar quality to other commercial laundries, coin-operated laundries
17、have been included in the Scope of this Standard. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 7 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Australian/New Zealand Standard Laundry practice S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L 1.1 SCOPE This Standard spe
18、cifies general laundry practice requirements and recommendations for commercial, industrial, hospital, institutional, on-premise and coin-operated laundries, as well as minimum performance requirements which are to be attained in order to provide an acceptable level of service. 1.2 OBJECTIVE This St
19、andard is intended to provide laundry operators as well as their clients with a common reference for acceptable laundry performance. 1.3 REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS 1.3.1 Referenced documents The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1169Minimizing of combustion hazards arisi
20、ng from the medical use of flammable anaesthetic agents 2001Methods of test for textiles 2001.1Part 1:Conditioning procedures 2001.2.3Method 2.3:Physical testsDetermination of breaking force and extension of textiles fabrics 2001.3.6Method 3.6:Chemical testsDetermination of cuprammonium fluidity of
21、cotton and cellulosic man-made fibres 3789Textiles for health care facilities and institutions 3789.4Part 4:Wool blankets 3789.5Part 5:Wool blanketsLaundering procedures 4480Textiles for health care facilities and institutionsMedical sheepskins 4480.1Part 1:Product specification and testing AS/NZS 1
22、957TextilesCare labelling ISO 2267Surface active agentsEvaluation of certain effects of launderingMethods of preparation and use of unsoiled cotton control cloth 4312Surface active agentsMethods of analysis and test for unsoiled cotton control cloth 1.3.2 Related documents Attention is drawn to the
23、following related documents: Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 8 ISO 3758TextilesCare labelling code using symbols BS EN 23758TextilesCare labelling code using symbols (identical to ISO 3758) National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Natio
24、nal guidelines for the Management of clinical and related wastes. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, 1988. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Infection control in the health care settingGuidelines for the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases Series
25、 on Infection Control April 1996. South Australian Health Commission Guidelines for Infection Control in Health Care Establishments, Section D2: Linen Handling, January 1992. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guidelin
26、e for Isolation Precautions in Hospital, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 17(1), pages 53-80:1996. 1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. 1.4.1 Alkali An alkaline salt (or combination of alkaline salts) used to increase the effectiveness of a s
27、oap powder or detergent by increasing the alkalinity of the wash liquor. 1.4.2 Bleaching A common method for stain removal which uses either oxygen or chlorine bleaches to remove stains, enhance whiteness and provide disinfection. 1.4.3 Breaking force The measure of the of the tensile force required
28、 to rupture a sample of fabric. 1.4.4 Break-wash A pre-wash with water at a maximum temperature of 35C to remove loose and water-soluble soil. NOTE: A break-wash may or may not contain a washing compound. 1.4.5 Chemical damage The loss in tensile breaking force of a fabric due to chemical degradatio
29、n. 1.4.6 Clean (linen) Linen complying with the requirements of this Standard. 1.4.7 Clean (non-linen) Vehicles and containers of linen including trucks, trolleys, bins and the like that have been washed with at least warm water and dried so that they are visibly free from blood, body fluids and oth
30、er substances. NOTE: Depending on the type of waste, warm water and detergent or steam may be needed for appropriate washing. 1.4.8 Conditioning Fabric softeners used to reduce the build-up of static electricity in ironers and as a softener for towelling-type products. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUT
31、H AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 9 1.4.9 Continuous batch washer A compartmented tunnel washing machine controlled by microprocessors and capable of large volume throughput with a minimum of manual labour. 1.4.10 Dip The depth of water measured from the bottom of the inner cage
32、in a washing machine containing a normal, water-saturated wash load. NOTE: When the washing machine is at rest, the dip is referred to as the standing dip, and when in motion, as the running dip. 1.4.11 Disinfection Process whereby pathogenic organisms in linen are reduced to levels which would be i
33、nsufficient to cause human infection. 1.4.12 Dryer tumbler A drying machine which uses a rotary or tumble action, and which may be heated by steam, gas, oil or electricity. 1.4.13 Dryfold A product which is washed, dried and folded, and requires no pressing or other finishing. 1.4.14 Enzyme A substa
34、nce that is used to remove protein stains, e.g. blood stains and egg stains. 1.4.15 Extraction A term generally used to describe the removal of moisture from wet textiles. 1.4.16 Feeders An aid to feeding sheets and other linen into an ironer. 1.4.17 Finish/finishing The term used to define the fina
35、l operation in the laundry process prior to dispatch, e.g. iron-press, dryfold, ironer or tunnel finish. 1.4.18 Finishing tunnel A tunnel through which garments pass to remove wrinkles without recourse to pressing. NOTE: A finishing tunnel is mostly used for cotton/polyester blends. 1.4.19 Fluidity
36、The reciprocal of viscosity. NOTE: A change in fluidity is a measure of the chemical wear of cellulosic materials. 1.4.20 Folder An aid that automatically folds flat work from an ironer. NOTE: A folder usually gives two primary folds and two cross folds. Towel folders fold towels from drying tumbler
37、s. 1.4.21 Gall marking Yellow discolouration of a fabric caused by alkali being allowed to dry into the fabric. NOTE: Gall marking often arises because of inadequate rinsing, or rinsing with hard water. 1.4.22 Hydro-extractor A machine that, after completion of the wash process, removes excess water
38、 from a wash load with centrifugal action. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 10 1.4.23 Incineration residue (ash) Represents a build-up of organic or inorganic residue on the fabric, often caused by inadequate softening of water hardness by chemicals
39、 and inefficient rinsing. NOTE: This can cause discolouration, a rough feel and damage to the fabric. 1.4.24 Ironer (calender) A machine for processing flatwork using a heated and polished bed and a roller. NOTE: An ironer is generally a multi-roll unit which may be heated by high temperature water,
40、 steam, gas, heated oil, or electricity. 1.4.25 Linen Any article (e.g. a garment, bed linen, table linen, a mat) that is normally laundered. 1.4.26 Mechanical wear The loss in breaking force due to the mechanical action of the wash process calculated from the difference between the overall breaking
41、 force (total wear) and the chemical wear. 1.4.27 Membrane press A one- or two-stage moisture extraction unit, attached to a continuous batch washer, which squeezes moisture from the textile by a membrane under high pressure. 1.4.28 Press A machine with a heated, polished head used to press or finis
42、h small pieces of flatwork and, specifically, garments made from 100% cotton textile. 1.4.29 Process, laundry The procedure employed to enable articles to be sent to the consumer in a clean, hygienic, aesthetic and physically acceptable condition. 1.4.30 Rinsing An operation designed to remove all s
43、uspended soils, soaps, detergents and bleach from the textiles being laundered. 1.4.31 Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement. 1.4.32 Sharps Any sharp object which has the potential to cut or pierce the skin and thereby pose an infection risk (e.g. needles, blades, cannulas and broken glass). 1.4.3
44、3 Should Indicates an advisory requirement. 1.4.34 Souring The neutralization of residual alkalinity after washing. 1.4.35 Starching An operation usually carried out in the last rinse. 1.4.36 Total wear The decrease in breaking force of a test fabric after a specified number of washes as compared wi
45、th the breaking force of the original test piece. NOTE: A reduction in breaking force can be due to both chemical and mechanical degradation caused by the wash process. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 11 1.4.37 Wash Removal of the remaining soil fr
46、om the article with soap or detergent which suspends the soil in solution. NOTE: See Clause 1.4.4 Break-wash. 1.4.38 Washer-extractor A washing machine that removes wash liquor by centrifugal action. 1.4.39 Washing compound A mixture of chemicals added to the washing machine at the start of the wash
47、 operation to assist in the suspension and removal of soils. 1.4.40 Washing machine A device designed to agitate a load of soiled textiles in an aqueous solution, including the following: (a) Batch washing machine. (b) Continuous batch washing machine. (c) Washer extractor (side or end loading). (d)
48、 Continuous tunnel washer. Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 12 S E C T I O N 2 G E N E R A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R L A U N D R I E S 2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section provides general requirements and guid
49、elines for laundries. NOTE: Figures 1 and 2 are examples of typical flow-paths of laundry from collection of soiled linen to the return of cleaned linen. FIGURE 1 A TYPICAL FLOW PATH OF LAUNDRY FOR A LARGE SCALE FACILITY Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 13 FIGURE 2 A TYPICAL FLOW PATH OF LAUNDRY FOR A SMALL SCALE OR ON-SITE FACILITY Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on 05 Mar 2009 AS/NZS 4146:2000 COPYRIGHT 14 2.2 FACILITIES AND MANAGEMENT 2.2.1 Facili