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1、The Authoritative Resource for Safe Drinking Water ANSI/AWWA B300-04 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B300-99) AWWA Standard Effective date: Dec. 1, 2004. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 2, 1953. This edition approved June 13, 2004. Approved by American National Standards Institute Oct.
2、 15, 2004. Hypochlorites Advocacy Communications Conferences Education and Training ? Science and Technology Sections 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 T 1.800.926.7337 www.awwa.org Copyright 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. Approved by American National Standa
3、rds Institute: May 21, 2002. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ii AWWA Standard This doc
4、ument is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be
5、 evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AW
6、WA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the class
7、ified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope a
8、nd provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketi
9、ng, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to st
10、ate on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE:The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indic
11、ates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National St
12、andards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. Science and Technology AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative sci
13、entific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be rep
14、roduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2004 by American Wa
15、ter Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. Approved by American National Standards Institute: May 21, 2002. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing,
16、 Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Disinfectants, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: K. Blake Stark,
17、 Chair Gary F. Trojak, Vice Chair Consumer Members Ileana Alvarez,* John Preston Water Plant, Hialeah, Fla.(AWWA) B.S. Aptowicz, Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Pa.(AWWA) H.F. Hanson, Woodbridge, Va.(AWWA) A.A. Khan, Pepsi-Cola North America, Plano, Texas(AWWA) R.C. Lorenz, Westerville
18、Water Plant, Westerville, Ohio(AWWA) D.L. Saenz, Los Angeles Water however, its practical solubility use is closer to 3 percent. Decantation is advisable before use because of the excess insolubles present. Storage in a cool, dry area is advisable, but storage periods should not exceed one year. Cal
19、cium hypochlorite can lose 3 percent to 10 percent available chlorine in one year. It is available in 3-lb to 5-lb (1.4-kg to 2.3-kg) cans, 2-lb to 9-lb (0.9-kg to 4.1-kg) plastic containers, and 100-lb (45.4-kg) steel drums and in granular powder, granule, and tablet form. Solubility tests that det
20、ermine both rate and percentage should be conducted with particular emphasis on testing the tablets. Approximately 1/8 lb/gal (15 g/L) of calcium hypochlorite to water produces a solution of approximately 1 percent available chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite:12 percent to 20 percent available chlorine.
21、Other common names for sodium hypochlorite are bleach, liquor, chlorine water, and Javelle water. Sodium hypochlorite will undergo some decomposition over time. There are numerous parameters that affect the rate of decomposition (see The Chlorine Institute* Pamphlet 96, Sodium Hypochlorite Manual).
22、*The Chlorine Institute Inc., 1300 Wilson Blvd., Rosslyn, VA 22209. Copyright 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. Approved by American National Standards Institute: May 21, 2002. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS E
23、mployees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- viii Sodium hypochlorite is miscible in any proportion with water. It should be stored in a dark area where the temperature does not exceed 80F (30C).
24、A 12 percent to 20 percent solution is still liquid at 0F (17.8C) but is a slush at 20F (28.9C). It is available in 5-gal and 13-gal (19-L and 49-L) carboys (glass or polyethylene), 30-gal (113.6-L) drums, and in approximately 5,000-gal (18,926-L) tank trucks. The available chlorine content is as in
25、dicated in Table F.1. I.B.History.The original AWWA Standard for Hypochlorites, prepared for the AWWA Water Purification Division, was approved by the Executive Committee of the Water Purification Division and by the Water Works Practice Committee and received approval by the AWWA Board of Directors
26、 on June 2, 1953. It was designated ANSI/AWWA B300-53T. The initial document was reaffirmed without revision on June 17, 1955, and the designation was changed from ANSI/AWWA B300-53T to ANSI/AWWA B300-55. Subsequent revisions were adopted on June 5, 1964, Jan. 26, 1975, June 15, 1980, and June 14, 1
27、987. This standard was revised by the AWWA Standards Committee on Disinfectants. ANSI/AWWA B300-99 edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 20, 1999. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 13, 2004. Table F.1Chlorine available in sodium hypochlorite gpl A
28、vailable Chlorine Trade % Available Chlorine Chlorine Equivalent lb/gal Chlorine Equivalent kg/L Gallons to Obtain 1 lb Chlorine Liters to Obtain 1 kg Chlorine 20020.01.6300.2000.615.0 16016.01.3330.1600.7526.25 15015.01.2500.1500.8006.667 12012.51.0000.1201.008.333 505.0 0.4170.0502.4020.0 101.00.0
29、830.01012.00100.0 Sample Calculation: 12 trade percent available chlorine = 120 grams per liter (gpl) available chlorine 120 gpl 3.785 L/gal 2.205 lb/1,000 g = 1 lb/gal available chlorine Copyright 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. Approved by American National Standards In
30、stitute: May 21, 2002. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ix I.C.Acceptance.In May 1985,
31、the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original co
32、nsortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United State
33、s, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products
34、, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in
35、certifying products in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and
36、 Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcin
37、ogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B300 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual s
38、olids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3 is a recommendation only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI *Persons outside the US should contact the appropriate a
39、uthority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105. American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. Approved by American National Standards Institute:
40、May 21, 2002. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- x Standard 60 Drinking Water Treatment C
41、hemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1.Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards
42、. 2.Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3.Determine current information on product certification. II.Special Issues. II.A.Storage and Handling Precautions.Light, heat, organic matter, and cer- tain heav
43、y-metal cations, such as copper, nickel, and cobalt, accelerate the decomposition of hypochlorites. Dampness appreciably decreases the life of metal containers in which the powdered forms are shipped. Hypochlorites should be stored in a cool, dry place, preferably in the dark or out of direct sunlig
44、ht. They are very active chemically and should be stored in a manner that prevents any possible contact with other materials that are flammable, such as oil, grease, glycerine, or printed matter. When removing hypochlorite from a drum, never use a scoop or vessel that is contaminated with organic ma
45、tter. All hypochlorite solutions are corrosive to some degree and will affect the skin and eyes on contact. Any affected areas should be washed with copious amounts of water. Personnel are advised to use caution and to wear protective clothing (i.e., gloves, apron, goggles, and a suitable vapor mask
46、) when handling the solutions. Personnel should refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets (MSDS) for recommendations regarding personal protective equipment. Because chlorine gas can be released, never acidify a hypochlorite solution. Hypochlorite solutions can add chlorate/chlorite ion
47、s to the potable water. There is some concern about the health effects of chlorate/chlorite. Utilities using these products are advised to analyze for the chlorate/chlorite ion in their water supply. II.B.Available Chlorine.The term available chlorine (Sec. 4.1.4) came into usage as a means of compa
48、ring oxidizers in different applications. Because chlorine was among the first widely used oxidizers, it became the standard against which other oxidizers were measured. As shown in the following equations, sodium hypochlorite is capable of oxidizing the same amount of iodide ion as the chlorine (Cl
49、2) that it takes to manufacture the sodium hypochlorite. Copyright 2004 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved. Approved by American National Standards Institute: May 21, 2002. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21