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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1282:1975 Guide to the Choice, use and application of wood preservatives UDC 674.048:634.0.841 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 08:01:53 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1282:1975 This British Standard, having been approved by the Wood Preservat
2、ion Industry Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 30 September 1975 BSI 04-1999 First published November 1945 First revision December 1959 Second revision September 1975 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference
3、WPC/2 Draft for comment 72/51279 DC ISBN 0 580 08714 X Co-operating organizations The Wood Preservation Industry Standards Committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organi
4、zations: British far Industry Association* British Wood Preserving Association* British Woodwork Manufacturers Association Chemical Industries Association* Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory)* Department of Industry Chemicals and Textiles El
5、ectricity Supply Industry in England and Wales* Fencing Contractors Association Greater London Council Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food National Coal Board* Post Office* Timber Research and Development Association* Timber Trade Federation of the United Kingdom* The Government departments
6、and scientific and industrial organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: British Pest Control Association Commonwealth Institute of Entomology Department of
7、Energy Electricity Institution of Municipal Engineers Ministry of Defence Tin Research Institute Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 08:01:53 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1282:1975 BSI 04-1999i Cont
8、ents Page Co-operating organizationsInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2References1 3General1 4Wood-destroying organisms in the United Kingdom2 5Wood-destroying organisms abroad3 6Classification and description of wood preservatives3 7Specifications for wood preservatives5 8Preservatives without
9、published specifications5 9Hazards to health5 10Preparation of timber for treatment6 11Methods of treatment6 12Selection of appropriate preservative treatments9 13Codes and standards for the preservative treatment of specific timber products12 14Checking the standard of preservative treatment12 Tabl
10、e 1 Published preservative specifications6 Table 2 Recommended codes and standards for the preservative treatment of specific timber products12 Publications referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 08:01:53 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1282
11、:1975 ii BSI 04-1999 Foreword In this revision of the 1959 edition, emphasis has been placed on guiding the user on the proper choice of wood preservatives and appropriate methods of application to meet the different situations in which the use of preserved wood is advisable. Attention is drawn to t
12、he related British Standards which specify the preservatives, their methods of application and the requirements for the treated products. This revision supersedes the 1959 edition of BS 1282 which is withdrawn. NOTEAs this British Standard is not a specification and only lays down guidelines, the wo
13、rds “complying with BS 1282” or similar expressions should not be used. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer im
14、munity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in
15、the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 08:01:53 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1282:1975 BSI 04-19991 1 Scope This British Standard gives guidance on the selection of preservative treatments for timber. It describes the co
16、nditions under which timber in use is liable to be damaged by wood-destroying organisms. It defines and describes the various types of wood preservatives and lists the existing specifications for them. It defines and describes the processes available for applying them. Finally it indicates the facto
17、rs which control the effectiveness of preservative treatments and gives guidance on how to select the best treatment for a particular purpose. It does not, however, give detailed advice on the treatment of timber for specific uses, such as window frames or plywood, but recommends certain other codes
18、 and specifications in which such information can be found. This guide does not cover in situ remedial treatment of timber already attacked but deals only with preservative treatment. It does not deal with short term preventive treatment against staining fungi or attack by forest insects of newly fe
19、lled timber in the forest or of freshly sawn timber at the mill. This standard deals with treatment carried out in the United Kingdom on timber intended for use either there or abroad. It includes also treatment carried out abroad on timber to be imported into the United Kingdom but does not cover t
20、reatments carried out abroad on timber for use outside the United Kingdom. 2 References The titles of the British Standards and Code of Practice referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3 General Wood does not deteriorate of its own accord and, under favourable conditions, i
21、t can last almost indefinitely. In many environments, however, it is subject to attack by one or more wood-destroying organisms, namely fungi, insects, marine borers and, to a limited extent, bacteria. These are described in clauses 4 and 5. The various timbers are not all equally liable to attack,
22、some being highly susceptible and others naturally resistant. A convenient way of avoiding damage by any of these organisms is therefore to select a naturally durable species of wood, provided that one can be found with the other properties required and at an economic price. It is sometimes difficul
23、t to find a timber that has sufficient natural resistance to give the life required in an aggressive environment such as a tropical sea. However, it is generally cheaper, more reliable and more effective to use preservative treatments. Treatments are now available which are known to give protection
24、for a very long time in almost any environment, and timber can be kept in a sound condition throughout the design life of any structure in which it is used by the application of an appropriate preservative treatment. Treatments vary very widely in their effectiveness and so it is essential to ensure
25、 that the treatment selected can give protection for the period required and that it is applied early enough. In many cases, once the timber is in position, it is impossible to treat it as effectively or economically. In choosing a preservative treatment there are, to begin with, two equally importa
26、nt aspects to be considered: the properties and potential effectiveness of the preservative, and the process by which it is applied. The first of these is dealt with in clauses 6 to 8 and the second in clauses 11 and 12. The principles on which to base the selection of a treatment and a table of cod
27、es and specifications covering the preservation of different timber products which the user can be recommended to follow are given in clause 12. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 08:01:53 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1282:1975 2 BSI 04-1999 4 Wood-destroying org
28、anisms in the United Kingdom 4.1 Wood-rotting fungi. Wood-rotting fungi can develop only if the moisture content of the wood is above about 22 %. Under normal atmospheric conditions, however, timber will tend to dry to below this critical value and so it is not liable to attack unless it is continua
29、lly or intermittently wetted in some way. This can happen, for example, by contact with the ground or some other damp material, by exposure to rain or condensation or to very high relative humidities, over about 90 %. It can happen also in less obvious ways, for example through internal condensation
30、 within the wood, which can occur if timber is part of the wall (or roof or floor) of a building or container, such as a cold store, through which moisture vapour is diffusing along a negative temperature gradient. The decay rate of timber under any of these damp conditions depends very much on its
31、natural resistance to fungal attack or, in the more commonly used term, on its natural durability. Some timbers, such as beech, and the sapwood of most timbers, have virtually no resistance to attack and will decay very rapidly if they are allowed to become wet. Others, for example oak, teak and wes
32、tern red cedar, are resistant and will remain in a sound condition for a very long time under these conditions. The natural durability of most of the commercial timbers is now known and can be found in the literature1). The length of service that a timber of given durability is likely to provide wil
33、l of course depend also to a very great extent on the actual environment in which it is used. All the various damp and wet situations are not equally conducive to decay. In some, for example in the soil, infection is virtually continuous and other conditions are favourable for rapid development of d
34、ecay. But in others, for example in the open air above ground, conditions are usually only marginally and intermittently favourable to infection and development of decay. This means that a timber classed as durable, e.g. oak, and of a certain thickness could last for only 20 years in ground contact,
35、 but for several centuries on the exterior wall of a building. The first step, therefore, towards assessing the need for preservative treatment is to establish the natural durability of the timber to be used and to obtain an estimate of its likely performance in service under the conditions to which
36、 it will be exposed. 4.2 Wood-boring insects. In the United Kingdom the only widespread wood-boring insect likely to cause significant damage to timber structures is the common furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum. This attacks only the sapwood part of the timber and not the heartwood. There are one
37、or two exceptions to this in that, with certain light coloured timbers the heartwood is liable to be attacked also. These timbers are all species of low natural durability such as beech, poplar and spruce. Wood-boring insects other than Anobium punctatum may be encountered in the United Kingdom and
38、although of less importance, they can be equally damaging in particular circumstances. Lyctus brunneus, the powder post beetle, confines its activity to the sapwood of hardwoods, although beech and birch are immune. Control is usually effected by good timber yard practice and, if necessary, among ot
39、hers, treatment of suspect timber by kiln sterilization or methyl bromide fumigation. If Lyctus attack does occur in buildings it can usually be traced to the inadvertent use of actively infested timber. Certain insects, such as the death watch beetle and wood-boring weevils, only attack wood once i
40、t has started to decay. Although Anobium punctatum prefers damp timber it will tolerate much drier conditions than wood-rotting fungi. This is important because it means that, although it is possible, and normal good practice, to eliminate risk of fungal decay in buildings by designing out any acces
41、s of water to or condensation in the timber, it is not practicable to avoid the risk of insect attack in the same way. Economically significant damage by Anobium punctatum is, to all intents and purposes, confined to timber in buildings and the like. Although the natural habitat of Anobiids is out o
42、f doors, they are rarely responsible for any significant damage to timber structures in the open because, if these are susceptible, they will normally also be of low natural durability and be destroyed more rapidly by fungal decay. Attack by Anobium punctatum builds up only slowly over several years
43、 and can die out at any time of its own accord. But when it continues the whole of the sapwood can eventually be destroyed and, if this constitutes a large proportion of the wood, as is often the case with the common building timber, European redwood, the timber will ultimately be seriously weakened
44、. 1) PRL Technical Note No. 40, “The natural durability classification of timbers”, published by HMSO for the Building Research Establishment. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 08:01:53 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1282:1975 BSI 04-19993 Another insect which can
45、 cause serious damage is the house longhorn beetle, Hylotrupes bajulus, which, however, is confined in the United Kingdom to a small area in the Home Counties. Occasional and isolated cases of attack in other parts of the country have occurred, but the indications are that it is not spreading and is
46、 likely to remain confined to the present limited area. Only softwoods are susceptible and normally only the sapwood is attacked although, as with Anobium, the heartwood of certain timbers such as spruce can also be attacked. Generally only the roof timbers are attacked and, in the areas affected, p
47、reservation of these timbers is required by the building regulations. 4.3 Marine borers. Timber in sea or brackish river water is liable to attack by marine borers, Teredo (ship worm) and Limnoria (gribble). These are not active in waters with a saline content much below 10 mg/g and so attack is not
48、 likely in the upper reaches of an estuary. Limnoria is active all around the coast of the British Isles. Teredo occurs sporadically but, where water is warmer, it is more frequent. However, other factors such as pollution and chance infestation undoubtedly have a big influence on its incidence and
49、activity. Most timbers are readily attacked by these organisms and only a few, such as greenheart, opepe and ekki, may have sufficient natural resistance to be used without preservative treatment2). 5 Wood-destroying organisms abroad The description in clause 4 of the deterioration of wood applies to the United Kingdom. In other countries the organisms and the rate of attack can be different. As far as fungal decay is concerned the most important factor affecting the rate of decay, which differs between the United Kingdom and overseas countries, is the climate, particular