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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 1133-18: 1991 Packaging code Section 18: Packaging in glass Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133-18:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Packaging and Freight Cont
2、ainers Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 28 June 1991 BSI 06-1999 First published March 1955 Second edition June 1967 Third edition June 1991 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee refere
3、nce PKM/563 Draft for comment 87/36209 DC ISBN 0 580 19620 8 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Policy Committee (PKM/-) to Technical Committee PKM/563, upon which the following bod
4、ies were represented: Association for Consumer Research (ACRE) Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry Brewers Society British Glass Manufacturers Confederation British Pharmacopoeia Commission British Plastics Federation British Soft Drinks Association Ltd. Campden Food and Drink Researc
5、h Association Chemical Industries Association Child Accident Prevention Trust Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Dairy Trade Federation Department of Health Department of Trade and Industry (Consumer Safety Unit, CA Division) Food and Drink Federation Honey Importers and Packers Association Institute
6、of Trading Standards Administration Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association National Association of Cider Makers Retail Consortium Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Scotch Whisky Association Scottish Association of Soft Drinks Manufacturers Welsh Beekeepers Association Wine and Spirit
7、Association of Great Britain Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133-18:1991 BSI 06-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2Gen
8、eral1 3Manufacture of glass containers1 4Design4 5Attributes of glass4 6Types of glass container7 7Quality control and testing7 8Specifications8 9Storage8 Appendix A Bibliography9 Table 1 Range of commonly used glass compositions2 Publication(s) referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldu
9、n sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133-18:1991 ii BSI 06-1999 Foreword This Section of BS 1133, which has been prepared under the direction of the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Policy Committee, supersedes BS 1133-18:1967 which is withd
10、rawn. This revision brings information on packaging in glass up to date but does not include a section on closures; information on closures can be found in “Packaging in glass” by B. Moody1). Terms used in the glass industry are defined in BS 3130-3. A bibliography for this Section is given in Appen
11、dix A. BS 1133 now consists of the following Sections, all of which are published separately with the exception of Sections 1 to 3 which are published in one volume. Sections 1 to 3: Introduction to packaging; Section 4: Mechanical aids in package handling; Section 5: Protection against spoilage of
12、packages and their contents by micro-organisms, insects, mites and rodents; Section 6: Protection of metal surfaces against corrosion during transport and storage; Subsection 6.1: Cleaning and drying of metal surfaces; Subsection 6.2: Temporary protectives and their application; Section 7: Paper and
13、 board wrappers, bags and containers; Subsection 7.1: Wrapping papers; Subsection 7.2: Bags and envelopes; Subsection 7.3: Cartons and boxes; Subsection 7.4: Fibreboard drums; Subsection 7.5: Fibreboard cases and fitments; Subsection 7.6: Moulded pulp packaging; Subsection 7.7: Composite containers;
14、 Section 8: Wooden boxes, cases and crates; Section 10: Metal containers; Subsection 10.1: Tins and cans; Subsection 10.2: Metal drums; Subsection 10.3: Metal collapsible tubes; Section 12: Methods of protection against shock (excluding cushioning devices); Section 13: Twines and cords for packaging
15、; Section 14: Adhesive closing and sealing tapes; Section 15: Tensional strapping; Section 16: Adhesives for packaging; Section 18: Packaging in glass; Section 19: Use of desiccants in packaging; Section 21: Regenerated cellulose film, films made of plastics, aluminium foil, flexible multilayer stru
16、ctures and metallized materials; Section 22: Packaging in plastics containers. 1) See publications referred to on the inside back cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133-18:1991 BSI 06-1999iii A British Standard does n
17、ot purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside
18、front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov
19、 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133-18:1991 BSI 06-19991 1 Scope This Section of BS 1133 gives guidance on the types of glass containers available for packa
20、ging and describes factors that should be taken into account by fillers when purchasing them. NOTEThe titles of the publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 General Most solids and liquids can be packaged in glass containers which are made in a wide variety of
21、 shapes, sizes and colours to meet the commercial, marketing and technical requirements of modern retailing. Typical examples are products associated with the food, drinks, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and household products industries. In recent years, advanced technology has been applied to glass mel
22、ting, container forming, inspection and design which has resulted in significant improvements in the unit cost and performance of containers. For a given glass container weight the performance of the container, e.g. its strength, improves with improvements in the distribution of glass in the contain
23、er (see 5.15). Thus, the weight of glass in the container may be reduced, whilst maintaining the required container performance criteria, when the distribution of glass in the container is optimized; this results in a reduction in the cost of the container. The use of surface treatments or protectiv
24、e sleevings improves the performance of containers. Glass weight may also be reduced, without sacrificing performance, if the surface of the container is protected with a plastic material at the earliest stage of manufacture that is practicable. Internationally organized research and development pro
25、jects are in progress in order to produce even lighter and stronger bottles in the future. Improvements in glass containers are being paralleled by work in the complementary closure manufacturing industry. Various types of closures, made of metal or plastics and suitable for vacuum, hermetic and pre
26、ssure retention, have been developed to protect against leakage or contamination of many different substances packed in glass. Containment is effected by means of a seal material installed at the edge of the closure and coinciding with the position of the glass finish (i.e. that part of the glass co
27、ntainer which supports the closure) permitting the container to be easily opened and resealed many times. Close co-operation between the two industries, its customers and the manufacturers of packaging and processing equipment has enabled these developments to take place. The satisfactory service pe
28、rformance of a glass container on the filling line and in the market-place depends on the co-ordination of many elements of design. In the filling hall, consideration has to be given to handling on the filling line, cleaning, filling, labelling, capping, processing and the application of retail pack
29、aging. Between the glass manufacturing plant and the filling hall the container has to be transported and for this purpose appropriate packaging has to be designed and specified. Beyond the filling line, the filled container has to be transported into the retail distribution system and then perform
30、in the retail and consumer environment. Once empty a refillable container should be returned for filling and a non-refillable container should be disposed of through the bottle bank system. In addition to all the handling criteria, it is essential that the requirements of the product to be packed ar
31、e also incorporated into the design. Whether it is a solid or liquid will largely determine the shape of the neck and the type of finish and closure which is to be used i.e. wide mouth or narrow neck. In the case of a liquid, the designer will want to know whether it is still (i.e. non-carbonated),
32、carbonated or alcoholic and whether pasteurization is involved. If it is a solid, he will want to know whether it is heat processed i.e. pasteurized or sterilized, hot filled, moisture absorbing, sensitive to ultraviolet light etc. Those responsible for marketing the product will want the designer t
33、o take into account factors that could influence a consumers decision as to whether to purchase the product, e.g. container shape, product and/or customer image, colour, decoration, embossing. Finally the design should be compatible with the requirements of the glass manufacturing process. Thus glas
34、s packaging design is a complex process often involving interaction between representatives from retailing, the industry supplying the contained product, the filler and the glass manufacturer. 3 Manufacture of glass containers 3.1 Raw materials and glass composition The main raw materials for normal
35、 white flint glass (see BS 3447) are sand of low iron content, limestone and soda ash, which are common and indigenous to the UK. These and other materials are weighed and mixed with recycled cullet (scrap glass) obtained from factory rejects and the bottle bank system. When melted and refined a nea
36、rly clear colourless glass results. The range of glass compositions most commonly used is shown in Table 1. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Nov 24 07:57:30 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 1133-18:1991 2 BSI 06-1999 Table 1 Range of commonly used glass compositions Other
37、 materials used in the mix (i.e. batch) include blast furnace slag, dolomite and calcium sulphate which are added to balance the composition in terms of its physical and chemical performance during manufacture and as a packaging material. Smaller quantities of other materials such as sodium sulphate
38、 or sodium nitrate are also used. Selenium and cobalt are added as decolorizers to neutralize the colouring effect of any residual iron which may be present in the sand. 3.2 Coloured glass Flint or white glass can be coloured by the addition of suitable materials to the batch. The more common colour
39、s are amber (iron oxide and sulphur), green (chromium oxide and iron oxide) and opal (fluorides); see BS 3447. Certain products are traditionally linked with glass containers of a particular colour e.g. beer in amber bottles. A complete tank furnace is required for the production of a standard colou
40、red glass such as amber, green or white, all of which are supplied by the major glass producers. The smaller companies are concerned with the production of one or two of these glass colours. A comprehensive choice is available from producers throughout the industry. Much smaller quantities of a wide
41、 range of coloured containers can be produced by adding oxides (frits) to the forehearth associated with a particular forming machine or by spraying organic colouring materials, such as polyurethane resins, on to bottles which are then cured. Because the outputs are limited, coloured containers made
42、 by such processes are normally used for higher priced products such as cosmetics and whisky. 3.3 Production of glass containers Production arrangements for melting raw materials and operation of the forming machinery are continuous 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 51 weeks of the year. The proces
43、s starts with the unloading of raw materials which are usually transported by rail using bottom discharge wagons that transfer their contents into storage silos. Some materials such as soda ash are delivered by road tanker and are blown to the top of the storage silo by means of compressed air. The
44、materials are drawn from the silos as required, weighed, mixed and charged mechanically into the glass melting furnace. Considerable attention is given to the accuracy of weighing and consistency of mixing. In order to melt the glass, the furnace operates at temperatures up to 1 600 C. Instruments t
45、hat measure and control the level of the glass, furnace pressure and the glass and furnace temperatures to a high degree of accuracy are used. Instruments linked to the glass level measurement automatically control within limits the rate of batch feed. The firing of the furnace and the draught on th
46、e chimney are also automatically controlled. As a result of these furnace operations, refined glass emerges as a stream from an orifice at the end of a feeder channel or forehearth which links the furnace to the bottle forming machinery. Several forehearths may be associated with one melting furnace
47、. The glass stream passes through an orifice and is automatically cut into lumps of glass, called gobs, of a pre-determined mass, associated with the capacity of the container, by means of water cooled reciprocating shears. The gobs, whose temperature has been established accurately at a pre-determi
48、ned level, are then fed into parison moulds which are supported on the glass container forming machine located beneath the forehearth. At this stage the bore, neck and finish of the container used for supporting the closure is made whilst the body of the container is only partially formed. The paris
49、on shape is then transferred into a second mould on the other side of the machine in which the final shape of the container body is blown. Narrow neck containers are made traditionally by the blow and blow process in which the parison cavity is formed pneumatically following the moulding of the finish around a plug or plunger. Widemouth containers such as jars are made by the press and blow process; the parison cavity and the finish are moulded by means of a plunger in one operation. Because the press and blow oper