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1、AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD IMPULSE SOUND PROPAGATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE ASSESSMENT Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor New York, New York 10005-3993 ANSI S12.17-1996 ANSI S12.17-1996 Reaffirmed by ANSI on 3 Ma
2、y 2006 Reaffirmed by ANSI on 10 July 2001 The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the na- tional coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clear- ing house in the U.S. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is a
3、n organization of sci- entists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Impulse Sound Propagation for Environmental Noise Assesment Secretariat Acoustical Society of America Approved 8 August
4、 1996 American National Standards Institute, Inc. ABSTRACT This Standard describes engineering methods to calculate the propagation of high-energy impulsive sounds through the atmosphere for purposes of assessment of environmental noise. The methods yield estimates for the meanC-weighted sound expos
5、ure level of impulsive sound at distances between the source and receiver ranging from 1 to 30 km. Equations to estimate the standard deviation about the mean C-weighted sound exposure levels are provided. The methods apply for explosive masses between 50 g and 1000 kg. ANSI S12.17-1996 AMERICAN NAT
6、IONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide represen- tation from the technical community (man
7、ufacturers, consumers, and general- interest representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America through the American Institute of Physics as American National Stan- dards after approval by their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Insti
8、tute. These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredited Standards Committees operating in accordance with pro- cedures approved by American National
9、Standards Institute (ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the standards have been
10、 produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially con- cerned with its scope and pr
11、ovisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consen- sus requires that
12、 all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their exist- ence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufacturing,
13、marketing, purchasing, or using prod- ucts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffi rm, r
14、evise, or withdraw this standard. Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor New York, New York 10005-3993 Telephone: 1 (212) 248-0373 Telefax: 1 (212) 248-0146 1996 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any
15、form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acous- tical Society of America. -,-,- Contents
16、 1Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 3 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 4Engineering methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 5Adjustments to general predictions ofC-weighted sound exposure levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 6Other considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Annexes Annex A Explosive adjustment for the sounds of military weapons fi ring . . .4 Annex BPropagation over special surfaces . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Annex CBibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Tables A.1Weapon codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A.2Parameters Y and B
20、and directivity D for use in Equation (A1) . . . . . . . .4 A.3Propellant masses for military weapon codes from Table A1 . . . . . . . . . .5 i -,-,- Foreword This Foreword is not part of ANSI S12.17-1997American National Standard Impulse Sound Propagation for Environmental Noise Assessment. This st
21、andard contains three informative annexes. This standard was developed under the jurisdiction of Accredited Standards Commit- tee S12, Noise, which has the following scope: Standards, specifi cations, and terminology in the fi eld of acoustic noise pertain- ing to methods of measurement, evaluation,
22、 and control; including biological safety, tolerance and comfort, and physical acoustics as related to environmental and occupational noise. At the time this standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S12 for approval, the membership was as follows: D. L. Johnson,Chair P. D. Schomer,Vi
23、ce Chair A. Brenig,Secretary Acoustical Society of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D. L. Johnson W. J. Galloway (Alt.) Acoustical Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、R. Goodwin R. Seitz (Alt.) Air-Conditioning FAX: 1 (212) 248-0146. iv AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDANSI S12.17-1996 American National Standard Impulse Sound Propagation for Environmental Noise Assessment 1Scope This standard describes engineering methods that may be used to calculate theC-weighted soun
25、d ex- posure level of blast or high-energy impulsive sounds at distances ranging from 1 to 30 km from thesource.Sourcesofhigh-energyimpulsive sounds include blasting at mines or quarries, guns, military weapons, and other explosive devices that utilize non-nuclear explosives with a total explosive m
26、ass between 50 g and 1000 kg. The engineering methods described in this Standard may be used in environmental assessments to supplement the in- formation determined by application of the proce- dures in Part 4 of ANSI S12.9-1997. For explosive masses greater than 1000 kg, the procedures in ANSI S2.2
27、0-1983 (R 1989) should be used to esti- mate the peak sound pressure level at a receiver location. 2Normative references The following Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of approval by the American
28、 National Standards Insti- tute, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are en- couraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the Standards listed be- low. (1) ANSI
29、 S1.1-1994,Acoustical Terminology. (2) ANSI S2.20-1983 R 1989,American National Standard Estimating Airblast Characteristics for Single Point Explosions in Air. With a Guide to Evaluation of Atmospheric Propagation and Ef- fects. (3) ANSI S12.9-1988 R 1993: Part 1,American National Standard Quantiti
30、es and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environ- mental SoundPart 1. (4) ANSI S12.9-1997: Part 4,American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for De- scription and Measurement of Environmental SoundPart 4: Assessments Methods. (5) ISO 9613-2: 1995,AcousticsAttenuation of Sound D
31、uring Propagation OutdoorsPart 2: General Method of Calculation. 3 Defi nitions Defi nitions for quantities used in this Standard are given in ANSI S1.1-1994 or S12.9-1988. Additional quantities are defi ned below. 3.1 Scaled distance Parameter used by the mining industry and equal to the source-to-
32、receiver distance divided by the cube rootofthemassoftheexplosivematerial, S5d/m1/3, with distancedin kilometers and explo- sive massmin kilograms. Unit, kilometers per cube root of kilograms, m/(kg)1/3. Unit symbol,S. 3.2 TNT equivalent Parameter to relate the sound exposure from differ- ent types
33、of explosives to that of an explosive of TNT. The TNT equivalent of an explosive is equal to the explosive mass in kilograms times its effi ciency. Explosive effi ciencies are listed in ANSI S2.20-1983 (R 1989). 4Engineering methods 4.1 General method for calculating mean values ofC-weighted sound e
34、xposure levels of high- energy impulsive sounds The meanC-weighted sound exposure level, in decibels, at a receiver location caused by an impul- sive sound at a known source location and with known explosive mass shall be calculated from the following expression: LCE5 102.3 - 31.7 lgd/1!1C,(1) where
35、 LCE5C-weighted sound exposure level in deci- bels relative to the reference sound exposure of (20mPa)2s; 1 1996 Acoustical Society of America -,-,- lg5base 10 or common logarithm; d5source-to-receiver distance, kilometers; C5explosive adjustment, decibels. For explosions, other than weapon fi ring,
36、 in the open air, the explosive adjustment is calculated from C5 8.2 lgm/1!,(2) wherem5mass, kilograms TNT equivalent. Determination of the explosive adjustment,C, for the fi ring of military weapons is discussed in Annex A. In equations (1) and (2), the reference distance is 1 km and the reference
37、mass is 1 kg. 4.2 General method for calculating the variability of the estimated mean values of the C-weighted sound exposure levels. Temporalvariationsintheexpectedmean C-weighted sound exposure level are caused by meteorological effects and changes in the ground surfaces; see ANSI S2.20-1983 and
38、ANSI S12.9- 1997 Part 4. The standard deviation in decibels about the mean C-weighted sound exposure level shall be deter- mined from: s5 5 1 2.9 lgd/1!1 0.28d,(3) for distances 1d30 km. To predict the distribution ofC-weighted sound ex- posure levels about the meanC-weighted sound exposure level, o
39、ne must consider the limitations placed on the operations of the impulsive sound source. That is, are operations delayed or post- poned during periods of enhanced propagation. If there are no limitations on the operation, then the distribution shall be plus and minus three times the standard deviati
40、on given by equation (3). If the op- eration is limited to time periods when a tempera- ture inversion does not exist and the wind is blowing from the receiver locations of interest toward the source of impulsive sounds, then the distribution is equal to plus and minus one standard deviation. 4.3 Al
41、ternative method for calculating the C-weighted sound exposure level of blasting sounds at mines and quarries The expected meanC-weighted sound exposure level, in decibels, using scaled distance,S, for ex- plosions at mines and quarries may be determined from: LCE599.1229.0 lgS/1!20.025S,(4) where S
42、5d/m1/3 d5distance, kilometers m5mass, kilograms The logarithm is relative to a scaled distance of 1 km/(kg)1/3. 5Adjustments to general predictions of C-weighted sound exposure levels The following adjustments shall be subtracted from theC-weighted sound exposure levels calculated by application of
43、 equations (1) or (4). 5.1 Burial depth adjustment ThemeanC-weightedsoundexposurelevel caused by an explosive charge buried in the ground is less than that calculated from equations (1) or (4). The adjustment for the effect of burial depthCbin decibels, shall be calculated from the smaller of: Cb518
44、 1 10b/m1/3,(5) or Cb530b/m1/3,(6) where b5burial depth, meters m5mass, kilograms, TNT equivalent. 5.2 Height above ground adjustment Measurements of the effect of explosion height do not show agreement. An adjustment for this effect may be determined from the procedure in ANSI S2.20-1983. 5.3 Direc
45、tivity adjustment The impulsive sound produced by the explosion of a charge located on or above the ground or buried below fl at ground may be considered to be non- directional.Theimpulsivesoundfromburied charges from mining operations, can be directional as a result of the contours of the land arou
46、nd the detonation site (see clause 6). The directivity of the impulsive sound from the fi ring of military weapons may be estimated from the data in Annex A. ANSI S12.17-1996 2 -,-,- 6Other considerations 6.1 Terrain Hills or ridges between the source and receiver can shield the receiver from the so
47、und source. The in- sertion loss provided by such barriers shall be esti- mated from applicable models, for example, those in ISO 9613-2. 6.2 Ground impedance The meanC-weighted sound exposure levels cal- culated by application of equations (1) or (4) are applicable for propagation over areas that a
48、re pre- dominantly grassy with low vegetation. If the sound propagation is entirely over water, over arid land, or through dense forests, the alternative equations in Annex B may be used to estimate the meanC- weighted sound exposure level at a receiver loca- tion. NOTE For angles other than those s
49、pecifi ed in Table A2, the directivity correction may be estimated by lin- ear interpolation between tabulated angles. When the weapon fi ring contains an explosive charge that detonates at a target, the impulsive noise from this detonation may be assessed using equation (1), and the burial depth or height above ground adjustment, if applicable. ANSI S12.17-1996 3 Annex A (informative) Explosive adjus