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1、 ATIS-0600330.2008 pre-pub Pre-published American National Standard for Telecommunications - Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries Used in the Telecommunications Environment Prepared by NIPP-NPS NOTICE This document is a pre-published American National Standard of NIPP. The document has been approved
2、by NIPP and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The document, however, has not completed the editing and publication cycles. As such, this document is subject to further change. ATIS and NIPP expressly advise that any use of or reliance upon the material in this document is at your ris
3、k and neither ATIS nor NIPP shall be liable for any damage or injury, of whatever nature, incurred by any person arising out of any utilization of the material. The final version of this document will be published as ATIS-0600330.2008. The Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions (ATIS) is
4、a technical planning and standards development organization that is committed to rapidly developing and promoting technical and operations standards for the communications and related information technologies industry worldwide using a pragmatic, flexible and open approach. Over 1,100 participants f
5、rom over 300 communications companies are active in ATIS 22 industry committees and its Incubator Solutions Program. Notice of Disclaimer end voltage of 1.75 V/cell; ambient temperature of 25C. This capacity is usually designated as C8. Other capacities often used are C5 and C3. Unless otherwise spe
6、cified, these use an end voltage of 1.75 V/cell and an ambient temperature of 25C. Any new VRLA cell (or module) received by the user shall be capable of delivering at least 100% of its rated capacity when discharged after floating for one week. 4.2 Charging The cell (or module) shall be charged at
7、the float voltage recommended by the manufacturer, and the current should be limited to C8/5 unless otherwise specified by the supplier. 4.3 Float operation The float voltage of the battery shall be adjusted to the manufacturers recommended cell float voltage multiplied by the number of series conne
8、cted cells in the string. The range of battery float voltage shall be within the minimum and maximum cell float voltage values specified by the manufacturer times the number of series connected cells in the string. Three months after battery installation and acceptance the float voltage of any cell
9、(or module) in the string shall not deviate by more than 2.5% from the average cell (or module) voltage. NOTE Temperature compensation of float voltage may be required in some applications, especially in those with a wide variation of the ambient temperature (non- controlled environment). See 4.12 a
10、nd 4.14. 4.4 Cycle performance The cell (or module) shall withstand at least three cycles to 80% depth of discharge at the five- hour rate, to a cell (or module) average voltage of 1.75 volts per cell, for each year of the specified service life. In addition, the cell (or module) shall withstand at
11、least 20 cycles to 5% depth of discharge at the five- hour rate for each year of the specified service life. 4.5 Series connection of cells (or modules) The cells (or modules) connected in series to make up a battery string for telecommunication load equipment shall be of the same make, type and rat
12、ed capacity. 4.6 Parallel connection of strings When strings are connected in parallel, the float voltage applied to each string shall be within the range specified by the manufacturer. -,-,- ATIS-0600330.2008 10 4.7 Recharge efficiency and time 4.7.1 Recharge efficiency The recharge efficiency of a
13、 cell should be at least 90% on an Ah basis. RE Ah removed Ah returned = 100 4.7.2 Recharge time On float, the cell (or module) should be capable of being recharged to 90% of the ampere- hours removed within 24 hours and replace 100% within 7 days. 4.8 Discharging The lowest voltage produced when th
14、e battery state changes from float to discharge including any transients, shall not be less than the end voltage specified by the manufacturer at a given discharge rate. The cell (or module) shall be characterized at both constant current and power discharge rates of 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 24 hours to
15、the end voltages of 1.75, 1.78, 1.80, 1.82, 1.84, 1.86, 1.88, and 1.90 V/cell. When a battery during discharge under any of the rates or end voltages specified has reached its end voltage, no individual cell shall have a voltage lower than 1.45 V or other value specified by the manufacturer. 4.9 Cel
16、l reversal Cell reversal is defined as a condition in which the cell voltage changes polarity during discharge and becomes an energy sink instead of a source. No cell in a string shall go into reversal under the specified operating conditions. 4.10 External short circuit 4.10.1 Brief short circuit A
17、fter the application of a short circuit lasting one minute, cells rated 200 Ah or less shall retain at least 50% capacity, while cells rated more than 200 Ah shall retain at least 70% of the capacity measured before the test. After recharge, all cells shall retain at least 90% of their capacity befo
18、re the test. 4.10.2 Prolonged short circuit When a short circuit is maintained across the cell until its voltage drops to 0.1 V, the cell shall not explode, melt, or catch fire. 4.11 Self discharge rate The VRLA cell (or module) shall not self- discharge to less than 50% of rated capacity in less th
19、an six months at 25C. ATIS-0600330.2008 11 Table 1 Storage temperature vs. time Average Temperature (C) Time (Months) 25 6 35 3 45 1.5 The self- discharge rate of the VRLA cell (or module) over its recommended storage temperature range shall not exceed the values indicated on its capacity versus sto
20、rage time (or open- circuit voltage versus storage time) curves. Appropriate curves shall be provided by the battery manufacturer, for at least three temperatures within the recommended storage temperature range. See also 8.4, Storage. 4.12 Service life The service life of a cell (or module) is defi
21、ned as the time (in years) from the installation of the cell (or module) until its capacity falls below 80% of rated capacity. Service life shall exceed the values shown in figure 1, when operating at the temperature given on the X axis. Figure 1 Service life vs. temperature relationship 4.13 Admitt
22、ance, conductance, impedance, or resistance The admittance (A), conductance (G), impedance (Z), or resistance (R) shall be specified by the manufacturer. The measurement shall be made for new product in a full state of charge and at 25C 5C. The data obtained, the instrument used, and the procedure e
23、mployed shall be reported. The cells (or modules) that comprise the battery as installed and that are fully charged shall have measured values of admittance (A), conductance (G), impedance (Z), or resistance (R) in a range that complies with the manufacturers specification. ATIS-0600330.2008 12 4.14
24、 Thermal runaway The battery, when floated at the manufacturers recommended average cell float voltage shall not exhibit a thermal runaway condition when two cells of a 24 cell string at 25C are shorted to zero volts. For the purpose of this document a standard type test (9.1.14) is employed to veri
25、fy conformance to the above requirement. For those instances when there is a need to know the battery thermal stability when more than two cells are shorted, the test should be performed in the actual application environment and physical design. See annex E for general information on thermal runaway
26、. 5 Chemical performance requirements This clause contains the chemical requirements for VRLA cells (or modules). Test requirements suitable for verifying compliance with these requirements are given in clause 9. 5.1 Electrolyte Specific gravity The specific gravity of the sulfuric acid electrolyte
27、in a fully charged cell (or module), corrected to 25C, shall be as specified by the battery manufacturer. 5.2 Oxygen recombination efficiency (ORE) The ORE directly impacts on cell (or module) life and performance. The ORE of the cell (or module) under float conditions equivalent to six months of se
28、rvice at 25C, shall be at least 99% when determined by the procedure given in 10.2.2. The recombination efficiency shall be determined at the upper limit of the float voltage range recommended by the manufacturer and at 25C. Testing at other values for these parameters should be considered if the ap
29、plication so warrants. The manufacturer shall provide ORE values at the nominal and maximum float voltage, and at temperatures of 25C, 40C, and 60C. 5.3 Gassing The worst case gassing rate (with no gas recombination) in liters/hour shall be determined by the equation shown in this subclause. 2) VH2=
30、 0.42I 1+ T 273 N where: VH2 is the hydrogen evolution rate in L/h; T is the temperature of the cell (or module) in C; I is the maximum charge current in amperes available from charger; N is the number of cells. The equation should not be employed in lieu of the manufacturers value for the hydrogen
31、evolution rate of a fully charged cell (or module), as defined by testing as given in 9.2.3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2) The equation in 5.3 is a worst- case estimate for the hydrogen evolution rate of the cell. The actual hydrogen evolution rate can be about 10 to 100 times less than the rate provided by the
32、equations. -,-,- ATIS-0600330.2008 13 5.4 Water loss and dryout Water loss and dryout can result in capacity loss, high float currents and temperature excursions due to resistive heating (I2R). Because the rate of temperature rise can be quite rapid, thermal runaway and the unsafe conditions that de
33、velop as a consequence make this failure mode undesirable. The VRLA cell (or module) shall not fail due to water loss during its specified lifetime under given operating conditions. The manufacturer shall supply dryout and/or water loss data in the form of tables or graphs that shall be obtained fro
34、m accelerated tests. Data obtained from the field shall be used to help determine water loss and dryout as a failure mechanism. 5.5 Grid corrosion and plate growth Grid corrosion and plate growth of the positive electrode are the results of the inherent instability of lead in the presence of lead di
35、oxide. Excessive grid growth can result in paste cracking, plate deformation, grid- to- paste separation, and eventually capacity loss. Positive grid corrosion consumes oxygen, results in equivalent hydrogen evolution from the negative electrode and therefore consumes water and contributes to dry ou
36、t. A VRLA cell (or module) shall not fail due to grid corrosion and plate growth during its specified lifetime under given operating conditions. 5.6 Electrochemical compatibility Impurities can be acid leached from plastics and other components of the cell (or module). These impurities can alter the
37、 hydrogen and oxygen overpotentials on the negative and positive plates of the batteries. An electrochemical compatibility test is performed to determine the shift in the hydrogen/oxygen evolution potentials due to the presence of impurities in the electrolyte. A VRLA cell (or module) shall not fail
38、 due to impurities during its specified lifetime under given operating conditions. 6 Physical design requirements 6.1 Container, covers and seals The following material properties should be considered in designing containers for VRLA cells (or modules): gas and vapor permeability, tensile strength,
39、flexural modulus, material creep, acid resistance, fire resistance, electrical resistance, and long- term stability. Specific requirements are as follows: a) Containers, covers and seals shall meet the fire, flame, and smoke resistance rating of UL94V- 0 as defined in ANSI/UL 94 and have an oxygen i
40、ndex of at least 28% in accordance with ASTM D2863; -,-,- ATIS-0600330.2008 14 b) Covers shall be permanently attached and sealed to the container along the entire joining surface; c) A cell (or module) shall be constructed to prevent electrolyte leakage, air entry and gas escape other than from the
41、 vent. The gas leakage rate of the module shall not exceed 0.05 cm3/h at 25C and 101.3 kPa; d) Containers, covers and seals shall have sufficient strength to handle the internal pressure as determined by the pressure relief valve and support the components and electrolyte for which they are designed
42、. Distortion of the module during storage, installation and operation shall not exceed the manufacturers requirement. The internal cell pressure shall not cause the container to crack, craze, or cause failure of the seals (cover to jar and post seals) under specified operating conditions. e) The cel
43、l (or module) shall not leak electrolyte if the case cracks. 6.2 Terminal posts The terminal post shall be capable of accommodating the discharge rates specified in 4.8 and short circuit current specified in 4.10 without damage to the cell (or module) as a result of terminal heating. All connection
44、hardware shall be torqued in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. 6.3 Valves Each cell (or module) shall be fitted with at least one resealable pressure release valve. The valve shall seal the cell (or module) to prevent air (oxygen) from entering it. To prevent the ingress of air into
45、the cell, the seal shall be present when there is no gas evolution (static) and when the cell internal pressure is negative (vacuum). The seal shall be considered to have reached end- of- life when it can no longer maintain a static seal. The valve opening and closing pressure (gauge) shall not vary
46、 by more than 50% throughout the battery life, operating voltage range, within a battery string, or at the gas flow rates as defined in 9.3.3. The manufacturer can provide test data to demonstrate that greater variation will not result in excessive container bulge or thermal runaway. 6.4 Flame arres
47、tors A flame arrestor shall be mounted on the cell (or module) so that all the vented gases diffuse through only the arrestor to the outside environment (except for the natural diffusion through the container and seal materials). The construction of the arrestor shall be such that hydrogen burning o
48、n the external surface of the arrestor shall not propagate back into the cell (or module) to cause an explosion. 6.5 Marking Each cell (or module) shall be labeled with information to allow traceability of the product and provide application data. Such marking shall include the following: a) Date of
49、 manufacture in actual date format; b) Polarity of post terminals; c) Name of manufacturer; d) Part number; e) Serial number to include code of manufacturing location; -,-,- ATIS-0600330.2008 15 f) Ampere- hour rating based on the eight- hour rate and specified end voltage of 1.75 V/cell at 25C; g) Nomi