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1、ACI 503.5R-92 Raymond J. Schutz Milton D. Anderson* Roger W. Black John P. Cook Floyd E. Dimmick Wolfgang D. Eisenhut Jack J. Fontana* Paul R. Hollenbach Guide for Polymer Adhesives with Concrete the Selection of (Reapproved 1997,2003) Reported by ACI Committee 503 *Members of Subcommittee who prepa
2、red the report. Robert W. Gaul* Subcommittee chairman David P. Hu T.Michael Jackson Troy D. Madeley Albert Mayer Joseph A. McElroy* Paul F. McHale Peter Mendis* This guide provides the engineer, contractor, and architect with a de- scription of thevarious types of polymer adhesives (epoxy, polyester
3、, acrylic, plyurethane, polysulfide, silicone, vinyl acetate, and styrene butadiene) most frequently used for adhesive bonding of fresh con- crete to cured concrete, repair of cracks in concrete, bonding con- crete to other materials, and adhesive grouting of bolts and other in- serts into concrete.
4、 The guide emphasizes the factors that should be considered where selecting astructural adhesive, including characteristics during instal- lation and in service.The benefits and limitations of adhesive bond- ing are discussed for each application. CONTENTS Chapter 1- General, pg. 503.5R-2 1.1-Organi
5、zation of the Guide 1.2-Caution 1.3-Advantages/disadvantages of adhesive bonding 1.4-Glossary of terms Chapter 2 -Solvent-free adhesives, pg. 503.5R-4 2.1-Application characteristics 2.2-Properties during cure 2.3-Properties of cured adhesive 2.4-Distinguishing Characteristics ACI Committee Reports,
6、 Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in designing, plan- ning, executing, or inspecting construction and in preparing specification. Reference to these documents shall not be made in the Project Documents. If items found in these documents are desired to be part of
7、 the Project Documents they should be phrased in mandatory language and incorporated into the Project Documents. Mylcs A. Murray Secretary Richard Montani Joseph M. Plecnik Hamid Saadatmanesh W. Glenn Smoak Joe Solomon Michael M. Sprinkel Douglas G. Walters* Chapter 3 -Water-borne adhesives (latex a
8、nd latex powder adhesives), pg. 503.5R-8 3.1-Application characteristics 3.2-Properties of cured adhesive 3.3-Distinguishing characteristics Chapter 4 -Adhesive selection criteria, pg. 503.5R-10 4.1-Type and magnitude of loads 4.2-Conditions during application Chapter 5- Adhesive for bonding of hard
9、ened concrete to hardened concrete, pg. 503.5R.10 5.1-Important application characteristics 5.2-Important bond-strength considerations Chapter 6 -Adhesives for bonding of plastic concrete to hardened concrete, pg. 503.5R-11 6.1-Important application characteristics 6.2-Important bond-strength consid
10、erations Chapter 7 -Adhesives for repair of cracks in concrete, pg. 503.5R-11 7.1-Important application considerations 7.2-Important strength considerations Chapter 8- Adhesives for bonding inserts into concrete, pg. 503.5R-12 8.1-Important application considerations 8.2-Important strength considera
11、tions Chapter 9 -Adhesives for bonding concrete and other materials, pg. 503.5R-13 9.1-Important application considerations Copyright 0 1992. American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means. including the making of copies by any p
12、hoto process. or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed. written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or de- vice, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. 503.5R-1 503.5R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPO
13、RT Chapter 10 -Quick reference guide, pg. 503.5R- 14 Chapter 11 -References, pg. 503.5R-15 11.1-Specified and/or recommended references 11.2-Cited references 11.3-Additional references CHAPTER 1- GENERAL This guide is intended to aid the engineer, contrac- tor, and architect in choosing a proper pol
14、ymer adhe- sive for adhesive bonding applications encountered in joining concrete members in construction, repair, and rehabilitation of concrete structures. 1.1- Organization of the Guide Sections 2 and 3 of the guide describe the properties of the two major classes of polymer adhesives in use (sol
15、vent-free adhesives and water-borne adhesives) and identifies the distinguishing features of the specific pol- ymers (e.g., epoxy, acrylic, and polyvinyl acetate) within each class. Section 4 lists the basic criteria that should be used in all adhesive selections. Sections 5 through 9 provide additi
16、onal guidance specific to the selection of adhesives for bonding fresh or hardened concrete to hardened concrete, repairing cracked con- crete, bonding other materials to concrete, and bond- ing inserts into concrete. Section 10 is a quick reference guide to help narrow the search for a proper adhes
17、ive. This guide includes more data and information on epoxy adhesives than on other types because epoxy ad- hesives are the most versatile and by far the most widely used with concrete. Information on other types is included where there is a choice. 1.2 - Caution The Guide presents data on the vario
18、us polymer and copolymer types (epoxy, polyester, acrylic, polyure- thane, silicones, vinyl acetate, and styrene-butadiene) either as typical values, as a range of values, or as rel- ative values. Because of the ease of tailoring polymer products by formulation, some very special products within a g
19、roup may possess values for a particular characteristic that differ widely from the typical value or fall outside of the range. To include all extremes would lead to a less accurate perception of the true na- ture of these groups of products as they are commonly used. The cited characteristics of cl
20、asses of polymer adhesives are only a guide to help narrow the field in a search for an appropriate adhesive. When using an adhesive, the manufacturers litera- ture should always be reviewed. Manufacturers rec- ommendations should be followed because the adhe- sive may differ from other adhesives in
21、 its class. Many adhesives contain hazardous ingredients. Ma- terial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and labels should al- ways be consulted before using the adhesive. 1.3 - Advantages/disadvantages of adhesive bonding The major advantage of adhesive bonding is that it allows distribution of an applied lo
22、ad over much larger areas compared to other methods of fastening, thus re- ducing the unit stress on the elements that are bonded. It allows attachment without having to alter the shape or deface the elements to be attached. The adhesive bond line can also act as a moisture barrier. 1,2 The major di
23、sadvantage of adhesive bonding is that the bonded elements cannot be disturbed after being joined, because the adhesive cures for hours or days depending on the cure rate of the adhesive used and the temperature of the elements being bonded. Thus, work progress may be slowed down if the other work t
24、asks cannot be scheduled to accommodate the adhesive cure time. 1.4- Glossary of terms This glossary gives definitions of some terms which are used in adhesive bonding in the concrete industry. Other terms may be found in ASTM D 907. Accelerator-A material that increases the rate of a chemical react
25、ion. Acrylic -One of a group of resins formed by poly- merizing the esters or amides of acrylic acid. Adhesives- The group of materials used to join or bond similar or dissimilar materials; for example, in concrete work, the epoxy resins. Age hardening -The progressive change in the chemical and phy
26、sical properties of an adhesive, lead- ing to embrittlement. Bond line -The interface between two surfaces bonded together with an adhesive. Catalyst -A substance whose presence increases the rate of a chemical reaction. In some cases the catalyst is consumed and regenerated, in other cases the cata
27、- lyst seems not to enter into the reaction, but functions by virtue of some other characteristic. Cohesive- The type of molecular attraction that holds adhesives and other materials together. Cohesive failure- A failure by separation within the adhesive itself, or within the substrate, rather than
28、in the adhesives bond to the substrate. Copolymerization -Polymerization of two or more dissimilar monomers. Crosslinking agent -A substance that increases the molecular weight of a polymer by chemically linking and bridging the polymer chains. Cure- To change the properties of a chemical (usu- ally
29、 a polymer) by increasing its molecular weight by polymerization or crosslinking, usually accomplished by the action of heat, catalyst, crosslinking agent, curing agent, or any combination, with or without pressure. Curing agent -A substance that accelerates or par- ticipates in the curing of chemic
30、als, sometimes referred to as a hardener. Elastomeric- Pertaining to a substance which has rubberlike properties. Emulsion- A two-phase liquid system in which small droplets of one liquid (the internal phase) are im- miscible in, and dispersed uniformly throughout, a sec- ond continuous liquid phase
31、 (the external phase). POLYMER ADHESIVES 503.5R-3 Epoxy resins -A class of organic chemical bonding systems used in the preparation of special coatings or adhesives for concrete or as binders in epoxy resin mortars and concretes. Exothermic -Pertaining to a chemical reaction which occurs with the ev
32、olution of heat. Flexibilizer -A substance that is mixed with a more brittle material to make the latter more ductile. Gel -A colloid in which the dispersed phase has combined with the continuous phase to produce a vis- cous jelly-like material. Glass transition temperature - The temperature or rang
33、e of temperature at which polymeric materials change from a rigid, glass-like state to an elastomeric- like state. Heat deflection temperature (HDT) - The tempera- ture at which a plastic material reaches an arbitrary de- flection when subjected to an arbitrary load and test condition. It can be an
34、indication of the glass transi- tion temperature, although these two temperatures are not necessarily equal. Initiator -A substance that causes a chemical reac- tion (such as polymerization or curing) to start. The term usually applies to free-radical polymerization-type reactions. Latex - A dispers
35、ion of organic polymer particles in water. Minimum-film-forming temperature (MFFT) - The lowest temperature at which the polymer particles of a latex have sufficient mobility and flexibility to coalesce into a continuous film. Monomer -An organic liquid, of relatively low molecular weight, that crea
36、tes a solid polymer by react- ing with itself or other compounds of low molecular weight or both. Plasticizer -A substance added to polymer or co- polymer to reduce its minimum film forming tempera- ture and/or its glass transition temperature. Polyester -One of a large group of synthetic resins, ma
37、inly produced by reaction of unsaturated dibasic ac- ids with dihydroxy alcohols; commonly prepared for application by mixing with a vinyl-group monomer and free-radical catalysts at ambient temperatures and used as binders for resin mortars and concretes, fiber lami- nates (mainly glass), adhesives
38、, and the like. Polymer -The product of polymerization; more commonly a rubber or resin consisting of large mole- cules formed by polymerization. Polymerization - The reaction in which two or more molecules of the same substance (monomer) combine to form a compound containing the same elements, but
39、of high molecular weight. Polyol - -A polhydric alcohol, i.e., one containing two or more hydroxyl groups. Polysulfide -Synthetic polymers obtained by the reaction of sodium polysulfide with organic dichlo- rides. Polyurethane -Reaction product of an isocyanate with any one of a wide variety of othe
40、r compounds containing an active hydrogen group; used to formu- late tough, abrasion-resistant coatings. Polyvinyl acetate -Colorless, permanently thermo- plastic resin; usually supplied as an emulsion or water- dispersible powder characterized by flexibility, stability towards light, transparency t
41、o ultraviolet rays, high di- electric strength, toughness, and hardness; the higher the degree of polymerization, the higher the softening temperature; may be used in paints for concrete. Promoter -Substances, which added in small quan- ities, increase the activity of catalysts, as well as in- creas
42、e or promote polymerization activity. Pseudoplastic -Often referred to as thixotropic, a substance whose viscosity decreases with increasing shear. Rheology -The science dealing with the flow of materials. Silicone -A resin, in which the main polymer chain consists of alternating silicon and oxygen
43、atoms, with carbon containing side groups; silicones may be used in caulking or coating compounds, admixtures for con- crete, or as adhesives. Substrate -A material upon the surface of which an adhesive is spread for the purpose of bonding. Surface-active agent -A substance that markedly affects the
44、 interfacial or surface tension of solutions even when present in very low concentrations. Surface energy -The interfacial free energy per unit area of the boundary between the surface of a sub- strate and the air above it. Surface tension -A measure of surface energy, arising from molecular forces
45、at the surface of a liquid, which tend to contain the volume to a minimum sur- face area. Surfactant -A contraction of the term “surface-ac- tive agent“. Thermoplastic -Becoming soft when heated and hard when cooled. Thermosetting -Becoming rigid by chemical reac- tion and not remeltable. Thixotropi
46、ng agents -A substance incorporated into an adhesive to impart thixotropy. Thixotropy -The property of a material that ena- bles it to stiffen in a short period of time on standing, but to acquire a lower viscosity on mechanical agita- tion, the process being reversible; a material having this prope
47、rty is termed thixotropic or shear thinning (see Rheology). Vinyl ester - One of a group of synthetic resins pro- duced by the reaction of acrylic with epoxy resin or Bisphenol A, and commonly prepared for application by mixing with a vinyl group monomer and free-radical catalysts at ambient tempera
48、tures, and used as binders for resin mortars and concretes, and fiber laminates (mainly glass) adhesives. Viscosity -The property of a material which resists change in shape or arrangement of its elements during flow, and the measure thereof. Specifically the ratio of the shear stress existing betwe
49、en laminae of moving fluid and the rate of shear between these laminae. 503.5R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Working life -The period of time which an adhe- sive, after mixing with a curing agent or other ingredi- ent, remains sufficiently workable to permit spreading and application. CHAPTER 2 - SOLVENT-FREE ADHESIVES Solvent-free adhesives cure by polymerization of monomeric resins. Section 2.1. describes the character- istics of polymeric adhesives prior to curing which are important in applying or installing the adhesive. Sec- tion 2.2 describes properties of these materials during and aft