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1、American Water Works Association The Authoritative Resource for Safe Drinking WatersM ANSI/AWWA B201-03 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA 6201-98) A W A Standard Soda Ash - 1 American National Standards Institute Effective date: Oct. 1 , 2003. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 1 , 1949. Th
2、is edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 19, 2003. Approved by American National Standards Institute July 23, 2003. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 T 1.800.926.7337 www.awwa.org Advocacy Communications Conferences Education and Training b Science and Technology Sections Copy
3、right American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Ass
4、ociation (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standa
5、rd. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary.
6、AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal
7、 AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National
8、Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, p
9、rocesses, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in a
10、dvertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approva
11、l process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current informa
12、tion on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. Science and Technology AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge
13、. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
14、or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright O 2003 by American Water Works Association Printed in
15、USA II Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Committee Personnel The A W A Standards Committ
16、ee on Softening and Conditioning Chemicals, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Clyde R. Dugan, Chair Consumer Members C.R. Dugan, Lansing Board of Water . vi1 1.C Acceptance . VII 4.1 Physical Requirements . 2 II Special Issues . ix 4.2 Ch
17、emical Composition 3 III Use of This Standard . x 4.3 Impurities . 3 . . 1II.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives . x Verification 1II.B Modification to Standard . x 5.1 Sampling 4 IV Major Revisions . x Comments . x V 5.2 Apparent Density . 4 5.3 Insoluble Matter 5 5.4 Total Available Alkali . 5 5.
18、5 Basis for Rejection . 6 Sta nab rd 1 General 6 Delivery 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 6.1 Marking . 7 1.3 Application 1 6.2 Packaging and Shipping . 7 Affidavit of Compliance . 8 6.3 V Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/111111100
19、1, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This page intentionally blank. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie No
20、t for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part ofAwWA B20I I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Soda ash is the common name for the technical grades of anhydrous sodium carbonat
21、e (Nazco,). Light and dense soda ash differ in physical characteristics only, such as density (weight of unit volume), angle of repose, and size and shape of particles. Light soda ash is a powder; dense soda ash is granular. Soda ash is an anhydrous material having a sodium carbonate content of more
22、 than 99 percent and a sodium oxide (Na20) equivalent of more than 57.9 percent. Sodium carbonate, although readily soluble in water, has the unusual characteristic of attaining maximum solubility at 95.7“F (35.4“C). At this temperature, 100 parts of water dissolve 49.7 parts of sodium carbonate. Th
23、e solubility of sodium carbonate decreases at temperatures above and below 95.7“F (35.4“C). I.B. History. The first edition of this standard for soda ash was prepared under the direction of the AWWA Water Purification Division. The standard was approved by the Executive Committee of the Water Purifi
24、cation Division and by the Water Works Practice Committee and received approval of the AWWA Board of Directors on July 1, 1949. Additional reviews resulted in an edited copy that was reaffirmed and approved as “Tentative“ by the AWWA Board of Directors on Oct. 15, 1951. The initial document was made
25、 standard on May 15, 1953. This standard was revised by the A W A Standards Committee on Softening and Conditioning Chemicals. Subsequent editions of A W A B201 were approved on Jan. 26, 1959; Jan. 28, 1974; Jan. 28, 1980; June 14, 1987; Jan. 26, 1992; and Jan. 25, 1998. This edition was approved by
26、 the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan. 19, 2003. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all d
27、irect and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWARF) , and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association ( A W A ) and the Association
28、 of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. vii Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fro
29、m IHS -,-,- In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking wat
30、er additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including a standard developed under the direction of NSF, ANSItNSFS 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-Health Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certiing products in accordance wit
31、h ANSUNSF 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSUNSF 60
32、 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALS of an unspecified list of “unregulated Contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization method
33、ology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. A W A B201-03 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of great con
34、cern. The language in Sec. 4.3.2 is a recommendation only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSUNSF Standard 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-Health Effects. However, users of the standard
35、may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. 2. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. Determine the status of certifications by all par
36、ties offering to certie products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. *Persons outside the US should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. ?American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., New York, NY 10
37、036. SNSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105. . v111 Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
38、nse from IHS -,-,- II. Special Issues. Soda ash is usually shipped in bulk or in 100-lb (45-kg) multiwall paper bags, although it is also available in drums and barrels. The material can be readily handled mechanically by screw or belt conveyors, bucket elevators, or pneumatic systems. Soda ash shou
39、ld be stored in a dry, cool place with minimal exposure to moisture and air. With prolonged storage, soda ash has a tendency to lump and becomes difficult to handle and dissolve. Soda ash is normally fed into water being treated using volumetric or gravimetric mechanical feeders equipped with dissol
40、ving chambers. Less frequently, solution feeding is used. The solution is prepared in tanks and fed by metering pumps. Soda ash can also be stored in a tank as a slurry with a concentrated 30-percent solution being withdrawn from the upper portion of the tank for application to the treatment process
41、. This method requires much less storage space, because the dry soda ash has a bulk density of 35 lb/ft3 (560 kg/m3). Monohydrate slurries have bulk densities ranging from 83 lb/ft3 to 117 Ib/ft3 (1,328 kg/m3 to 1,872 kg/m3). Dry soda ash bulk densities range from 33 Ib/ft3 to 68 Ib/ft3 (560 kg/m3 t
42、o 1,088 kg/m3). Soda ash is a relatively harmless chemical and, under normal conditions, has no marked effects on skin, the respiratory system, or clothing. It is neither explosive nor inflammable, and it is not classified as a dangerous substance. Soda ash may produce a temporary irritation of the
43、respiratory system, but the symptoms will disappear once contact with soda ash is discontinued. Persons handling soda ash should be equipped with goggles and dust respirators when dustiness is prevalent. Eye irritation should be treated by flushing the affected eye with tap water for 15 min or longe
44、r. Any condition of prolonged irritation should be referred to a physician for treatment. Individuals who are particularly sensitive to alkaline materials or who have a preexisting skin disease may develop dermatitis when working with soda ash. It is advisable to use a protective agent, such as an o
45、intment or cream, to prevent this condition. Normal skin irritations can be relieved by bathing the affected parts in a 5-percent boric acid solution. Every effort should be made to avoid the simultaneous presence of soda ash and lime dust. The combination of these chemicals in the presence of moist
46、ure or perspiration will cause the formation of irritating caustic soda. Where both soda ash and lime are used, workers exposed to one chemical should carefully wash it away and remove its dust from clothing before working in the presence of the other chemical. i x Copyright American Water Works Ass
47、ociation Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 03:26:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Workers entering storage bins or silos containing soda ash should always wear approved s
48、afety belts and connecting ropes to facilitate rescue in the event the soda ash shifts or slides. In addition, workers should be in constant communication with someone stationed outside the storage facility. III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. 1II.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be cov- ered in the purchasers specifications: 1. Standard used-that is, AWWA B201, Standard for Soda Ash