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1、 Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Rehabilitation of Water Mains AWWA MANUAL M28 Second
2、Edition I American Water Works Association Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MANUAL OF W
3、ATER SUPPLY PRACTICES-M28, Second Edition Rehabilitation of Water Mains Copyright O 1987, 2001 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or
4、any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Project Manager: Melissa Christensen Technical Editor: David Talley Production Editor: Carol Magin Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicati
5、on Data Rehabilitation of water mains.- 2nd ed. p. cm. - (AWWA manual ; M28) Rev. ed. OE Cleaning and lining water mains. 1st ed. c1987. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-58321-026-1 1. Water-pipes-Maintenance and repair. 2. Water-pipes-Cleaning. 3. Water-pipes-Linings. I. AWWA Research Fo
6、undation. II. Title: Cleaning and lining water mains. III. Series. TD491.A49 R44 2001 628.1150288-dc21 2001022658 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235 ISBN 1-58321-026-1 Printed on recycled paper Copyright American Water Wo
7、rks Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, vii Foreword, ix Chapter 1 Distributi
8、on System Performance Criteria . . . Water Quality, 1 Hydraulic Performance, 2 Structural Performance and Leakage, 3 Rehabilitation Solutions, 4 Selection of Rehabilitation Solutions, 4 . . . . . 1 Chapter2 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Flushing,
9、9 Cable-Attached Devices, 10 Fluid-Propelled Cleaning Devices, 11 Cleaning by Power Boring, 17 Chapter 3 Lining Techniques Cement-Mortar Lining, 21 Epoxy Lining, 25 Slip-Lining, 28 Modified Slip-Lining Techniques, 32 Cured-in-Place Lining Techniques, 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10、. . . . . 21 Chapter 4 Internal Joint Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Fitting Procedure for Internal Joint Seals Installed in Water Mains, 41 Chapter 5 Pipe Bursting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Chapter 6 Maintaining Service Bypass P
11、iping, 51 Summary, 54 . . . . . . . . . 51 Chapter 7 Customer Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Customer Notification Program, 55 Community Relations, 58 Summary, 58. Appendix A Structural Lining Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Index, 63 List of
12、AWWA Manuals, 65 . 111 Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Figures 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2
13、 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3 -6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 Pipe with problems caused by corrosion, 2 Selection of rehabilitation techniques to resolve structural problems, 5 Selection of rehabilitation techniques to resolve water quality problems, 6 Selectio
14、n of rehabilitation techniques to resolve flow, pressure, and leakage problems, 7 Drag cleaning, in which a winch pulls a mechanical cleaner through the pipe, 10 Foam pig: A bullet-shaped device made of polyurethane foam, 11 A foam pig with hardened coatings, 11 Loose debris flushed ahead of the pig
15、, 12 Pigs launched through a disassembled fire hydrant for a 6-in. (150-mm) or smaller line, 13 Scraper unit with specially tempered steel blades, 14 Several scraper units assembled together in the field, 14 A series of disks to act as a hydraulic piston, pulling scrapers through the line, 15 A sand
16、bag dam to create a pond for particle settling, 16 A spool piece installed at the entry and exit points for mechanical scrapers, 16 Rack-feed boring machine, 18 Cleaning pipe by power boring, 18 Cleaning head, 19 A cement-mortar lining machine for use in small-diameter pipe, 22 Introduction of a sma
17、ll lining machine, 23 A cement-mortar lining machine for use in large-diameter pipe, 23 A pipe ready to be returned to service four to seven days after cement-mortar lining, 25 A typical epoxy lining machine, 26 A typical epoxy lining application head, 27 An epoxy-lined water main, 27 HDPE pipe bein
18、g formed into a C-shape on site, 33 Folded and banded HDPE pipe is winched into the host pipe, 35 Felt tube fed into the pipe, 37 Filling the tube-feeding standpipe with cold water, 38 Heating water after the tube is in place, causing the resin to adhere to the pipe walls, 38 V Copyright American Wa
19、ter Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 5-1 6-1 7-1 7-2 Joint area is cleaned and prepared prior t
20、o installation of the seal, 43 A nontoxic lubricating soap is applied and the seal is carefully positioned with its retaining band, 43 An expansion ring is placed over each retaining band and a wedge is inserted between the band ends, 46 Each seal is leak tested twice before the main is put back int
21、o service, 46 Diagram of a typical pneumatic pipe-bursting operation, 48 Bypass installation for residential and commercial water service, 52 A sample letter notifying consumers of work to be done, 56 A sample caution notice to be posted at the work site, 57 vi Copyright American Water Works Associa
22、tion Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- 1-1 Hazen-Williams coefficient, 3 4-1 4-2 Material details for internal joint seals, 42 Reta
23、iner band expansion pressures, 44 vii Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Foreword This ma
24、nual was written for water system designers, engineers, operators, and managers who need a reference guide for analyzing various water main rehabilitation options. This manual summarizes current information about water main rehabilitation technologies used in the United States and Europe today. All
25、specified technologies must have NSF61 (National Sanitary Foundation) approval for components that come into contact with potable water. While there are many emerging technologies that show promise for water main rehabilitation, this manual specifically addresses those technologies that 1) can be em
26、ployed by a water utility to successfully rehabilitate water mains and 2) have a proven track record within the water industry. No attempt was made to evaluate one method of water main rehabilitation over another, and no attempt was made to evaluate relative costs between competing systems. It remai
27、ns for the utility to decide which system will best suit a specific project, taking into account a variety of factors, including the cost of the process, the social disruption, the need to increase or maintain existing water main diameter, and so forth. According to a US Environmental Protection Age
28、ncy needs assessment survey, approximately $80 billion may be required to improve transmission and distribution water mains to meet clean water requirements over the next decade. In the past this was accomplished by installing new facilities to replace aging infrastructure. With the exception of cle
29、aning and cement-mortar-lining (which has been in use since the 1930s), the only option available to water utilities was costly dig-and- replace techniques. This manual describes viable, less costly options that have the potential to be less disruptive to the public, while providing the utility with
30、 a long- term solution to their water main needs. The first edition of American Water Works Association (AWWA) Manual M28 was written by the AWWA Cleaning and Lining Committee. The second edition was written by the same committee; however, because of changes in the water main rehabilitation industry
31、, the name of the committee was changed to the AWWA Water Main Rehabilitation Committee. The Chairman of the committee, Michael E. Grahek, would like to thank the contributing authors responsible for new material supplied to expand the current manual into an up-to-date water main rehabilitation manu
32、al, specifically, Dr. John Heavens, Bernie Monette, Gary Zinn, Darrin Thomas, Benedict Ebner, Michael Landes, Daniel Moore, John Dugan, and George Mallakis. In addition to those who contributed directly, the balance of the committee participated by reviewing and approving materials submitted for inc
33、lusion in the manual, adhering to the highest ethical standards, and keeping the needs of the i x Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networki
34、ng permitted without license from IHS -,-,- water-using public at the forefront. The committee had the following members at the time: Michael E. Grahek P.E., Chairman Dave Arthurs, ARB Inc., Lake Forrest, Calif. Tim Ball, Louisville Water Company, Louisville, Ky. W.M. Breichner, Mainlining Service I
35、nc., Hagerstown, Md. Michael Cronin, Lineal Industries, Columbus, Ohio J.M. Dugan, J. Fletcher Creamer however, regrowth of encrustation is likely in unlined iron pipes. Fouling Fouling represents a very significant problem, but one that is not always well- understood. A fouling problem can develop
36、with any type of pipe material. The condition is usually caused by natural biological activity and results in buildup of an organic deposit on the interior of the pipe. Although this deposit is often soft and filamentous, it can severely affect water turbidity and cause taste-and-odor problems. Bact
37、eriological activity from organisms, such as iron-fixing bacteria, can result in development of slimes and severe deposits in the pipe. HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE In addition to water quality problems discussed so far, any buildup inside distribution system piping can greatly reduce the hydraulic perform
38、ance of the system. Hydraulic engineers have long determined flow in pipes by using the empirically derived Hazen-Williams formula: V = 1.318Cr s Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03
39、/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 3 Table 1 - 1 Hazen-Williams coefficient Condition C New pipe 13 O- 140 Fair to normal (interior clean) Significant reduction in pipe capacity Severe problem-interior
40、cross section greatly reduced 100 70 30-50 where: V = velocity, in ft/sec ( actual procedures may vary for certain applications. 1. Review drawings of lines to be cleaned to identify a) possible entry and exit points, and b) all valves to be used to isolate the section of system to be cleaned. 2. Ex
41、ercise all valves in the section to be cleaned before the pigging operation to ensure isolation of the section to be cleaned. 3. Flow tests should be performed before and after the pigging operation to evaluate the efficacy of the cleaning and determine the resulting condition of the water main. 4.
42、Provide adequate means for disposing any debris exiting the pipe. Storm drains may be suitable for disposing of small amounts of light debris. However, the best arrangement for handling large amounts of heavy debris would be to direct the flow to a temporary settling pond, the bed of a dump truck, e
43、tc., to facilitate removal of solids once the water has drained away. 5. Notify all affected customers (commercial and residential) as well- as fire department officials of the scheduled interruption of service. Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licen
44、see=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CLEANING 13 6. Confirm that all valves in the section to be cleaned are fully opened and working properly and that the section is properly iso
45、lated. Foam pigs follow the direction of flow, which must be controlled by the valve locations. 7. Introducing the foam pigs into the water main may be accomplished either by hand or through the use of mechanical equipment commonly called a pig launcher. Several types of fire hydrants, once they are
46、 disassembled, can be used as entry and exit points for pigging of some water mains 6 in. (150 mm) and smaller (Figure 2-5). 8. To produce the best cleaning results, foam pigs should travel through a water main at a rate of 3 to 9 ft/sec (9 to 24 sometimes, however, interior pipe conditions may requ
47、ire additional passes. The length of pipeline that can be cleaned hydraulically in one operation is limited only by the availability of volume and pressure water and a proper means of disposing of water and deposits. An opening must be provided at each end of the section to be cleaned for entry and
48、exit of the cleaning tool. The volume of water required to hydraulically clean Figure 2-6 Scraper unit with specially tempered steel blades Figure 2-7 Several scraper units assembled together in the field Copyright American Water Works Association Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 03/21/2007 08:12:33 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from