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1、ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR QUALITY P.O. BOX 3005 MILWAUKEE, WI 53201-3005 Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP
2、 Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis Approved as an American
3、National Standard by: NSF International (NSF) American Society for Testing formulate the goal and scope of the study, define and model the systems to be analysed, collect the data and report the results of an LCI; establish a baseline of environmental performance for a given product1) system by quan
4、tifying the use of energy flows and raw materials and emissions to air, water and land (environmental input and output data) associated with that system both for the whole system but also broken down by unit process; identify those unit processes within a product system where the greatest use of ene
5、rgy flows, raw materials and emissions occur with a view to making targeted improvements; provide data for subsequent use to help define ecolabelling criteria; help to set policy options, e.g. concerning procurement. This list is not exclusive, although it does summarize the primary reasons why LCI
6、studies are carried out. Complementary International Standards ISO 14042 and ISO 14043 concerning further phases of LCA are under preparation (see Bibliography). A Technical Report providing examples of practice in carrying out an LCI as a means of satisfying certain provisions of ISO 14041 is also
7、under preparation. 1) In this International Standard, the term “product“ used alone is synonymous to “product or service“. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or network
8、ing permitted without license from IHS -,-,- (This page intentionally left blank) Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,
9、-,- ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 1 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis 1 Scope This International Standard in addition to ISO 14040 specifies the requirements and the procedures necessary for the compilation and preparation of the definition of goal
10、 and scope for a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and for performing, interpreting and reporting a Life Cycle Inventory analysis (LCI). 2 Normative reference The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard.
11、For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, this publication do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated
12、 references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 14040:1997, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of th
13、is International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14040 and the following apply. 3.1 ancillary input material input that is used by the unit process producing the product, but does not constitute a part of the product EXAMPLE A catalyst. 3.2 coproduct any of two or more products from
14、 the same unit process 3.3 data quality characteristic of data that bears on their ability to satisfy stated requirements 3.4 energy flow input to or output from a unit process or product system, quantified in energy units NOTE Energy flow that is input may be called energy input; energy flow that i
15、s output may be called energy output. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 2 3.5 feedstock ener
16、gy heat of combustion of raw material inputs, which are not used as an energy source, to a product system NOTE It is expressed in terms of higher heating value or lower heating value. 3.6 final product product which requires no additional transformation prior to its use 3.7 fugitive emission uncontr
17、olled emission to air, water or land EXAMPLE Material released from a pipeline coupling. 3.8 intermediate product input to or output from a unit process which requires further transformation 3.9 process energy energy input required for a unit process to operate the process or equipment within the pr
18、ocess excluding energy inputs for production and delivery of this energy 3.10 reference flow measure of the needed outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfill the function expressed by the functional unit 3.11 sensitivity analysis systematic procedure for estimating the effe
19、cts on the outcome of a study of the chosen methods and data 3.12 uncertainty analysis systematic procedure to ascertain and quantify the uncertainty introduced into the results of a life cycle inventory analysis due to the cumulative effects of input uncertainty and data variability NOTE Either ran
20、ges or probability distributions are used to determine the uncertainty in the results. 4 LCI components 4.1 General This clause outlines the key terminology and components of a life cycle inventory analysis. 4.2 Product system A product system is a collection of unit processes connected by flows of
21、intermediate products which perform one or more defined functions. Figure 1 shows an example of a product system. A product system description includes unit processes, elementary flows, and product flows across the system boundaries (either into the system or out of the system), and intermediate pro
22、duct flows within the system. The essential property of a product system is characterized by its function, and cannot be defined solely in terms of the final products. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/0
23、7/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 3 Figure 1 Example of a product system for life cycle inventory analysis 4.3 Unit process Product systems are subdivided into a set of unit processes (see Figure 2). Unit processes are linke
24、d to one another by flows of intermediate products and/or waste for treatment, to other product systems by product flows, and to the environment by elementary flows. Examples of elementary flows entering the unit process are crude oil in ground and solar radiation. Examples of elementary flows leavi
25、ng the unit process are emissions to air, emissions to water and radiation. Examples of intermediate product flows are basic materials and subassemblies. Figure 2 Example of a set of unit processes within a product system Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ
26、Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 4 Dividing a product system into its component unit processes facilitates the identification of the inputs and outputs of the product sy
27、stem. In many cases, some of the inputs are used as a component of the output product, while others (ancillary inputs) are used within a unit process but are not part of the output product. A unit process also generates other outputs (elementary flows and/or products) as a result of its activities.
28、The boundary of a unit process is determined by the level of modelling detail that is required to satisfy the goal of the study. Because the system is a physical system, each unit process obeys the laws of conservation of mass and energy. Mass and energy balances provide a useful check on the validi
29、ty of a unit process description. 4.4 Data categories Collected data, either measured, calculated or estimated, are utilised to quantify the inputs and outputs of a unit process. The major headings under which data can be classified include: energy inputs, raw material inputs, ancillary inputs, othe
30、r physical inputs; products; emissions to air, emissions to water, emissions to land, other environmental aspects. Within these headings, individual data categories shall be further detailed to satisfy the goal of the study. For example, under emissions to air, data categories such as carbon monoxid
31、e, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. can be separately identified. Further description of such data categories is provided in 5.3.4. 4.5 Modelling product systems LCA studies are conducted by developing models that describe the key elements of physical systems. It is often not pra
32、ctical to study all the relationships between all the unit processes in a product system, or all the relationships between a product system and the system environment. The choice of elements of the physical system to be modelled is dependent on the definition of the goal and scope of the study. The
33、models used should be described and the assumptions underlying those choices should be identified. Further description is provided in 5.3.3 and 5.3.5. 5 Definition of goal and scope 5.1 General The goal and scope of an LCA study shall be clearly defined and consistent with the intended application.
34、The requirements of ISO 14040:1997, 5.1 apply. 5.2 Goal of the study The goal of an LCA study shall unambiguously state the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study and the intended audience, i.e. to whom the results of the study are intended to be communicated. 5.3 Scope of the
35、study 5.3.1 General The scope of the study shall consider all relevant items in accordance with ISO 14040:1997, 5.1.2 It should be recognized that an LCA study is an iterative technique, and as data and information are collected, various aspects of the scope may require modification in order to meet
36、 the original goal of the study. In some cases, the goal of the study itself may be revised due to unforeseen limitations, constraints or as a result of additional information. Such modifications, together with their justification, should be duly documented. Copyright American Society for Quality Pr
37、ovided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 06:04:41 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14041-1998 5 5.3.2 Function, functional unit and reference flow In defining the scope of an LCA study, a clear
38、 statement on the specification of the functions (performance characteristics) of the product shall be made. The functional unit defines the quantification of these identified functions. The functional unit shall be consistent with the goal and scope of the study. One of the primary purposes of a fu
39、nctional unit is to provide a reference to which the input and output data are normalized (in a mathematical sense). Therefore the functional unit shall be clearly defined and measurable. Having defined the functional unit, the amount of product which is necessary to fulfill the function shall be qu
40、antified. The result of this quantification is the reference flow. The reference flow is then used to calculate the inputs and outputs of the system. Comparisons between systems shall be made on the basis of the same function, quantified by the same functional unit in the form of their reference flo
41、ws. EXAMPLE In the function of drying hands, both a paper towel and an air-dryer system are studied. The selected functional unit may be expressed in terms of the identical number of pairs of hands dried for both systems. For each system, it is possible to determine the reference flow, e.g. the aver
42、age mass of paper or the average volume of hot air required for one hand-dry, respectively. For both systems, it is possible to compile an inventory of inputs and outputs on the basis of the reference flows. At its simplest level, in the case of paper towel, this would be related to the paper consum
43、ed. In the case of the air-dryer, this would be largely related to the energy input to the air dryer. If additional functions of any of the systems are not taken into account in the comparison of functional units, then these omissions shall be documented. For example, systems A and B perform functio
44、ns x and y which are represented by the selected functional unit, but system A also performs function z, which is not represented in the functional unit. It shall then be documented that function z is excluded from this functional unit. As an alternative, systems associated with the delivery of func
45、tion z may be added to the boundary of system B to make the systems more comparable. In these cases, the processes selected shall be documented and justified. 5.3.3 Initial system boundaries The system boundaries define the unit processes to be included in the system to be modelled. Ideally, the pro
46、duct system should be modelled in such a manner that inputs and outputs at its boundary are elementary flows. In many cases there will not be sufficient time, data, or resources to conduct such a comprehensive study. Decisions shall be made regarding which unit processes shall be modelled by the stu
47、dy and the level of detail to which these unit processes shall be studied. Resources need not be expended on the quantification of such inputs and outputs that will not significantly change the overall conclusions of the study. Decisions shall also be made regarding which releases to the environment
48、 shall be evaluated and the level of detail of this evaluation. In many instances those system boundaries defined initially will subsequently be refined on the basis of the outcome of the preliminary work (see 6.4.5). The criteria used to assist in the choice of inputs and outputs should be clearly understood and described. Further guidance on this process is provided in 5.3.5. Any decisions to omit life cycle stages, processes or inputs/outputs shall be clearly stated and justified. The criteria used in setting the system boundaries dictate the degree of confi