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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 2471:1978 ISO 3801:1977 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Methods of test for Textiles Woven fabrics Determination of mass per unit length and mass per unit area ICS 59.080.30 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 02:22:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI B
2、S 2471:1978 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Executive Board on 28 February 1978 BSI 04-1999 First published April 1954 First revision February 1971 Second revision February
3、1978 ISBN 0 580 09869 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics Standards Committee, under whose direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and industrial organizations: Association of Jut
4、e Spinners and Manufacturers British Man-made Fibres Federation* British Nonwoven Manufacturers Association British Railways Board British Textile Employers Association* Central Council of the Irish Linen Industry Consumer Standards Advisory Committee of BSI Department of Industry International Wool
5、 Secretariat* Knitting Industries Federation Ltd.* Manchester Chamber of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Defence Narrow Fabrics Federation Retail Trading-Standards Association Textile Institute* Warp Knitters Association Ltd. Wool Textile Delegation* The organizations marked with an asterisk in th
6、e above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this British Standard: Soap and Detergent Industries Association Society of Dyers and Colourists Textile Research Council Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueC
7、omments 9955May 1998Indicated by a sideline in the margin Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 02:22:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2471:1978 BSI 04-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 0Introduction1 1Scope and field of applicat
8、ion1 2References1 3Principle1 4Apparatus1 5Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing1 6Procedure2 7Calculation of results2 8Test report3 Publications referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 02:22:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2471
9、:1978 ii BSI 04-1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics Standards Committee. It is identical with the corresponding clauses in ISO 3801 “Textiles Woven fabrics Determination of mass per unit length and mass per unit area” which was p
10、repared by ISO/TC 38, “Textiles”, of the International Organization for Standardization with the active participation of the UK. The text of this British Standard has been partially superseded by BS EN 12127:1997, Textiles Fabrics Determination of mass per unit area using small samples. Method 5 of
11、the international standard is therefore withdrawn from this British Standard. Terminology and conventions. The text of the international standard has been accepted as suitable for publication, without deviation, as a British Standard. Certain terminology and conventions are used, however, that are n
12、ot identical with those used in British Standards. Attention is therefore drawn to the following: Where the words “International Standard” relating to this publication appear, they should be interpreted as “British Standard”. The comma has been used throughout as a decimal marker. In British Standar
13、ds it is current practice to use a full point a full stop on the baseline as the decimal marker. Cross references. For each of the following references to other international standards that are given in the text, there is an equivalent British Standard; these are as listed below: NOTETextual errors.
14、 When adopting the text of the international standard the errors listed below were noticed. They have been corrected in this British Standard; in due time the text of the international standard itself will be corrected. Clause 2. “Measurement of width of pieces” was printed as “Determination of leng
15、th”. “Measurement of length of pieces” was printed as “Determination of width”. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself c
16、onfer immunity from legal obligations. Reference to international standardEquivalent British Standard ISO 139:1973 Textiles Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing BS 1051:1972 Glossary of terms relating to the conditioning and testing of textiles ISO 3932:1976 Textiles Woven fabrics Measu
17、rement of width of pieces BS 1930:1968 Method for the determination of width of woven or knitted fabrics when relaxed at zero tension ISO 3933:1976 Textiles Woven fabrics Measurement of length of pieces BS 1931:1968 Method for the determination of length of woven or knitted fabrics when relaxed at z
18、ero tension Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table
19、on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 02:22:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2471:1978 BSI 04-19991 0 Introduction The mass per unit length and per unit area of a fabric may be determined in more than one way. For some fabrics, mass per uni
20、t length and mass per unit area are related simply by the width of the fabric, but for other fabrics variations in structure (whether in the selvedges or in the body of the fabric) may introduce an important distinction between mass per unit length and mass per unit area. It is important, therefore,
21、 to consider all the possible methods and to choose one appropriate to the fabric. Text deleted. A choice must also be made between test methods suitable for samples or specimens of cloth (i.e. short lengths or cuttings) and those suitable for application to fabric in bulk, i.e. in the piece (the no
22、rmal unit of production). If a cutting has been taken as a representative sample of a batch of pieces, it may be advisable to use the results of the tests on the sample to correct measurements and masses of the unconditioned pieces. Circumstances may well call for the use of any of these methods of
23、determining fabric mass; none of them is so much more accurate than the others as to justify its being set up as the sole standard method. Specific circumstances should, therefore, govern choices between mass per unit length and mass per unit area and between a method applicable to samples and a met
24、hod applicable to pieces. 1 Scope and field of application 1.1 This International Standard specifies methods for the determination of a) the mass per unit length, and b) the mass per unit area of woven fabrics that have been conditioned in the standard atmosphere for testing. 1.2 The methods are app
25、licable to woven fabrics (including those of the “stretch” type) made up full width or folded down the middle, and apply to the determination of the fabric mass of complete pieces as well as of sample lengths. 2 References ISO 139, Textiles Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. ISO 3932
26、, Textiles Woven fabrics Measurement of width of pieces. ISO 3933, Textiles Woven fabrics Measurement of length of pieces. 3 Principle 3.1 Methods 1 and 3 When the piece or the sample length can be conditioned in the standard atmosphere for testing, the length and the mass of the fabric are determin
27、ed and the mass per unit length calculated, or the length, width, and mass of the fabric are determined and the mass per unit area calculated as relevant. 3.2 Methods 2 and 4 When it is impracticable to condition the whole piece in the standard atmosphere for testing, the length (and width) and the
28、mass of the piece are determined after relaxation in the prevailing atmosphere, and the mass per unit length (mass per unit area) is calculated and corrected by application of a correction factor, determined by comparison of the length (and width) and the mass of a specific portion cut from the piec
29、e after relaxation, and measured firstly in the ambient atmosphere and then in the standard atmosphere for testing. 3.3 Method 5 Text deleted. 4 Apparatus 4.1 Calibrated steel rule, of length 3 m (or failing this, at least 2 m), graduated in centimetres and millimetres, for methods 1, 2, 3 and 4. 4.
30、2 Device, to enable a specimen of full width to be cut at right angles to the selvedge, for methods 1, 2, 3 and 4. 4.3 Balance, capable of determining the mass of pieces or sample lengths (as relevant) to an accuracy of 0,2 % of the determined mass. For method 5, an accuracy of 0,001 g is required.
31、4.4 Table, having a smooth flat surface, a width greater than that of the woven fabric to be measured and a length of at least 4 m. 4.5 Device, accurate to 1 %, to enable a specimen 10 cm 10 cm to be cut, or a circular cutter of area 100 cm2, for method 5. 4.6 Metal plate, approximately 9 cm square
32、(or 80 cm2 if a circular plate is used) 1 cm thick, for method 5. 5 Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing The atmosphere for conditioning and testing textiles is that defined in ISO 139. This atmosphere has a relative humidity of 65 2 % and a temperature of 20 2 C. In tropical regions, a
33、temperature of 27 2 C may be used, subject to the agreement of the interested parties. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 02:22:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2471:1978 2 BSI 04-1999 6 Procedure 6.1 Pre-conditioning Equilibrium shall be approached from the dry s
34、ide. When the fabric as received is in such a condition that this is not immediately possible, the fabric may be pre-conditioned by exposing it to an atmosphere having a relative humidity not exceeding 10 % at a temperature not higher than 50 C. Consider equilibrium with the pre-conditioning atmosph
35、ere to have been reached when the difference between successive weighings, made at intervals of at least 2 h, does not exceed 0,5 % of the final mass of the fabric when conditioned in this atmosphere. 6.2 Selvedges If the mass per unit length (or area) of the selvedge differs appreciably from the ma
36、ss per unit length (or area) of the fabric, the mass per unit area shall be determined on a sample from which the selvedges have been removed along the outermost warp threads of the body and calculation(s) shall be based on the mass of the trimmed sample and its length and width. 6.3 Method 1: Deter
37、mination of mass per unit length of pieces and of sample lengths that can be conditioned in the standard atmosphere for testing 6.3.1 Pieces Determine the conditioned length of the piece in accordance with ISO 3932 and then (without removing it from the standard atmosphere) weigh it. Alternatively,
38、if it is neither possible nor necessary to determine the full length of the piece, use the procedure given in 6.3.2 on a sample having a length of at least 0,5 m but preferably of 3 to 4 m, taken preferably from the middle of the piece. 6.3.2 Sample lengths 6.3.2.1 Ensure that the fabric is cut acro
39、ss the full width of the piece along parallel lines at right angles to the selvedge and that the length of the sample is at least 0,5 m but preferably 3 to 4 m. 6.3.2.2 Determinate the conditioned length of the sample in accordance with ISO 3932 and then (without removing it from the standard atmosp
40、here) weigh it. 6.4 Method 2: Determination of mass per unit length of pieces when it is impracticable to condition them in the standard atmosphere for testing Determine, in accordance with ISO 3932, the length of the piece after relaxation in the prevailing atmosphere, and then weigh it in the prev
41、ailing atmosphere. From, preferably, the middle of the piece, cut a full-width sample of length at least 1 m but preferably 3 to 4 m and determine its length and the mass in the prevailing atmosphere. Determine the mass of the piece and the mass of the sample length in the prevailing atmosphere at t
42、he same time in order to minimize the effect of any sudden changes in the temperature and/or humidity of that atmosphere. Then proceed as described in 6.3.2.2. 6.5 Method 3: Determination of the mass per unit area of pieces and of sample lengths that can be conditioned in the standard atmosphere for
43、 testing 6.5.1 Pieces Use the procedure given in 6.3.1 and determine the conditioned width in accordance with ISO 3933. 6.5.2 Sample lengths Use the procedure given in 6.3.2 and determine the conditioned width in accordance with ISO 3933. 6.6 Method 4: Determination of mass per unit area of pieces w
44、hen it is impracticable to condition them in the standard atmosphere for testing Use method 2 and in addition determine, in accordance with ISO 3933, the width of the piece after relaxation in the prevailing atmosphere and the width of the sample both after relaxation and after conditioning in the s
45、tandard atmosphere for testing. 6.7 Method 5: Determination of mass per unit area using small specimens Text deleted. 7 Calculation of results 7.1 Methods 1 and 3 Calculate the mass per unit length, in grams per metre, and/or the mass per unit area, in grams per square metre, from the following form
46、ulae, as appropriate: Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 02:22:16 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 2471:1978 BSI 04-19993 where mul is the mass per unit length, in grams per metre, of the piece/sample (with/without selvedges, as relevant), after conditioning in the s
47、tandard atmosphere for testing; mua is the mass per unit area, in grams per square metre, of the piece/sample (with/without selvedges, as relevant), after conditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing; mc is the mass, in grams, of the piece/sample (with/without selvedges, as relevant), after c
48、onditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing; lc is the length, in metres, of the piece/sample after conditioning in the standard atmosphere for testing; wc is the width, in metres, of the piece/sample (with/without selvedges, as relevant), after conditioning in the standard atmosphere for tes
49、ting. Round off the result to the nearest gram. 7.2 Methods 2 and 4 7.2.1 From the data on the relaxed fabric, the relaxed sample, and the conditioned sample calculate, in accordance with ISO 3932, the conditioned length of the piece. 7.2.2 When mass per unit area is determined, calculate similarly, but in accordance with ISO 3933, the conditioned width of the piece. 7.2.3 Calculate the conditioned mass, in grams, of the piece from the formula where mc is the mass, in grams, of the piece after conditioning in the standard atmosphere