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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 4231:1992 ISO 3448:1992 Classification for Viscosity grades of industrial liquid lubricants UDC 665.765:532.133 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4231:1992 This British Standard, having been prepared unde
2、r the direction of the Petroleum Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 December 1992 BSI 04-1999 First published December 1967 Second edition October 1975 Third edition December 1982 Fourth edition December 1992 The following
3、 BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PTC/7 Draft for comment 89/55379 DC ISBN 0 580 21505 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Petroleum Standards Policy Committee (PTC/-) to Technical Com
4、mittee PTC/7, upon which the following bodies were represented: Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturers Association British Coal Corporation British Fluid Power Association British Gear Association British Lubricants Federation Ltd. British Railways Board British Steel plc Department of Transport Engi
5、neering Equipment and Materials Users Association Institute of Petroleum London Regional Transport Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4231:1992 BSI 04-1999i Contents Pa
6、ge Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Introduction1 1Scope2 2Normative reference2 3Classification2 4Designation2 Annex A (informative) ISO viscosity classification with corresponding kinematic viscosities at various temperatures for differing viscosity indices4 Table 1 ISO
7、viscosity classification3 Table A.14 List of referencesInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4231:1992 ii BSI 04-1999 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Petrole
8、um Standards Policy Committee. It is identical with ISO 3448:1992 Industrial liquid lubricants ISO viscosity classification published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 3448 was prepared as a result of discussion in Technical Committee 28 “Petroleum products and lubrica
9、nts”, in which the United Kingdom participated. This British Standard is a revision of, and supersedes, BS 4231:1982, which is withdrawn. The principle difference between BS 4231:1982 and this standard is that two additional viscosity grades (ISO VG 2200 and ISO VG 3200) have been introduced. Cross-
10、references. The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of ISO 3104:1976, to which normative reference is made in the text, and has decided that it is acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard. A British Standard related to ISO 3104:1976 is BS 2000-71:1990. The methods for the det
11、ermination of viscosity described in ISO 3104 and BS 2000-71 are technically equivalent although the texts differ. This arises for a number of reasons including a difference in precision data. The precision data in BS 2000-71 are more directly related to fuel oils than those in ISO 3104. A British S
12、tandard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cov
13、er, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 4, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldu
14、n, na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 3448:1992(E) BSI 04-19991 Introduction This International Standard has been prepared to meet the immediate needs of those ISO Technical Committees that promulgate International Standards for equipment and need to refer to lubr
15、icants, i.e. TC 39, Machines tools; TC 123, Plain bearings; TC 131, Fluid power systems; and others, by providing a classification of liquid lubricants according to viscosity grades. The purpose of this classification system is to establish a series of definite kinematic-viscosity levels so that lub
16、ricant suppliers, lubricant users and equipment designers will have a uniform and common basis for designating or selecting industrial liquid lubricants according to the kinematic viscosity required in a particular application. When the first edition of this International Standard was being prepared
17、, systems for classifying the viscosity characteristics of industrial liquid lubricants were simultaneously under study by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in collaboration with the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) (ASTM D 242268), by the British Standard
18、s Institution (BSI) (BS 4231) and by the Deutsches Institut fr Normung (DIN). The cooperative effort first resulted in this ISO classification in 1975. It is desirable that any such classification system should cover the entire range of kinematic viscosities of liquid lubricants normally used; at th
19、e same time, the number of kinematic-viscosity grades within the classification should be limited. A continuous system, in which any lubricant within the viscosity range could be given a grade number, was first considered, but it was recognized that this would involve either an unduly large number o
20、f grades or an unduly wide range of permitted kinematic viscosities for each grade. For the classification to be of direct use in engineering design calculations, in which the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant is only one of the parameters, it is desirable that the viscosity grade width be not mo
21、re than 10 % on either side of the nominal value. This would reflect an order of uncertainty in calculation similar to that imposed by dimensional manufacturing tolerances. This limitation, coupled with the requirement that the number of viscosity grades should not be too large, has led to the adopt
22、ion of a discontinuous system with gaps between the viscosity grades. The reference temperature for the classification should be selected to be reasonably close to average service experience. It should also closely relate to other selected temperatures used to define properties such as viscosity ind
23、ex which can aid in defining a lubricant. A study of a series of possible temperatures indicates that 40 C is particularly suitable for the purposes of industrial-lubricant classification as well as for the lubricant-definition properties mentioned above. This viscosity classification is consequentl
24、y based on kinematic viscosity at 40 C. The viscosity designations are identical to those in the well-known ASTM/STLE and BSI classifications previously mentioned. Although this ISO classification is bound to lead to a number of existing lubricants (possibly including some at present widely used) no
25、t being accommodated within the classification, there is nothing to prevent the continued use of such products by agreement between supplier and consumer. The kinematic viscosities of such out-of-classification oils should, however, be determined at 40 C. It is expected, however, that lubricant prod
26、ucers will move towards the adjustment of their products so that each product will fall within one of the viscosity grade designations; that users will, in the interests of rationalization and the reduction of the number of oils which they use, call increasingly for lubricants covered by the classif
27、ication; and that machine and equipment manufacturers and their component suppliers will take due note of the classification in the design stages and in their lubricant viscosity recommendations. It is not expected that liquid lubricants of every quality, or those designed for very specific purposes
28、, will be, or will need to be, available within every viscosity grade of this International Standard. NOTE 1The Society of Automative Engineers (USA) established many years ago standards for identifying and/or classifying the viscosity characteristics of lubricants used in automotive engines or gear
29、s. Their systems, which are widely known and used in most countries of the world, are based on the measurement of kinematic viscosity at temperatures that are considered to represent the normal operating range; the nomenclature used is for example SAE 10W, 20W and 20, 30, etc., for engine oils (SAE
30、J 300) and SAE 75W, 80W, 90, 140, etc., for gear oils (SAE J 306). It should be noted that this ISO classification for industrial liquid lubricants is not intended to replace either of the SAE systems; on the other hand, the latter systems, while they have desirable features for automotive lubricant
31、s, are not suitable for extension to industrial lubricants in general. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 3448:1992(E) 2 BSI 04-1999 1 Scope This International Standard establishes a system of viscosity classification for in
32、dustrial liquid lubricants and related fluids. This includes mineral oils used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, electrical oils and for other applications. The usual method for kinematic-viscosity determination is that specified in ISO 3104, but this may give anomalous results when used with non-New
33、tonian fluids (i.e. those whose coefficient of viscosity varies significantly with rate of shear). For such fluids, it is therefore important to state the particular method by which viscosity has been determined. It is also recognized that there may be some pure chemicals and naturally occurring pro
34、ducts, used as lubricants, which will not fall within this classification. 2 Normative reference The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All st
35、andards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO
36、 3104:1976, Petroleum products Transparent and opaque liquids Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity. 3 Classification 3.1 The classification defines 20 viscosity grades in the range 2 mm2/s to 3 200 mm2/s at 40 C. This covers, as far as petroleum-based liquids are
37、 concerned, approximately the range from kerosine to cylinder oils. 3.2 Each viscosity grade is designated by the nearest whole number to its mid-point kinematic viscosity in square millimetres per second (mm2/s) at 40 C, and a kinematic-viscosity range of 10 % of this value is permitted. The 20 vis
38、cosity grades with the limits appropriate to each are given in Table 1. 3.3 The classification is based on the principle that the mid-point kinematic viscosity of each grade should be approximately 50 % greater than that of the preceding one. The division of each decade into six equal logarithmic st
39、eps provides such a system and permits a uniform progression from decade to decade, but in order to provide simple numbers the logarithmic series has been rounded off. The maximum deviation of the mid-point viscosities from the logarithmic series is 2,2 %. 3.4 The classification implies no quality e
40、valuation, and provides information only on the kinematic viscosity at the defining temperature of 40 C. The kinematic viscosities at other temperatures will depend on the viscosity/temperature characteristics of the lubricants, which are usually reported as viscosity/temperature curves or stated in
41、 terms of a viscosity index (VI). 3.5 The kinematic viscosities of the same lubricants defined by this International Standard, but identified at other temperatures customarily used in some countries, are shown in Annex A. Three values of the viscosity index have been used. These data are given only
42、for the purpose of general guidance in understanding or adoption of this International Standard. 4 Designation The following wording shall be used to designate a particular viscosity grade: ISO viscosity grade . (ISO 3448) which may be abbreviated to: ISO VG. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun,
43、na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 3448:1992(E) BSI 04-19993 Table 1 ISO viscosity classification ISO viscosity grade Mid-point kinematic viscosity Kinematic-viscosity limits mm2/s at 40 C mm2/s at 40 C min.max. ISO VG 22,21,982,42 ISO VG 33,22,883,52 ISO VG 54,64
44、,145,06 ISO VG 76,86,127,48 ISO VG 10109,0011,0 ISO VG 151513,516,5 ISO VG 222219,824,2 ISO VG 323228,835,2 ISO VG 464641,450,6 ISO VG 686861,274,8 ISO VG 10010090,0110 ISO VG 150150135165 ISO VG 220220198242 ISO VG 320320288352 ISO VG 460460414506 ISO VG 680680612748 ISO VG 1 0001 0009001 100 ISO V
45、G 1 5001 5001 3501 650 ISO VG 2 2002 2001 9802 420 ISO VG 3 2003 2002 8803 520 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Fri Dec 01 08:30:47 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO 3448:1992(E) 4 BSI 04-1999 Annex A (informative) ISO viscosity classification with corresponding kinematic vis
46、cosities at various temperatures for differing viscosity indices Table A.1 ISO viscosity grade Kinematic- viscosity range Approximate kinematic viscosity at other temperatures for different values of viscosity index Viscosity index = 0Viscosity index = 50Viscosity index = 95 mm2/s at 40 C mm2/s at 2
47、0 Cmm2/s at 37,8 C mm2/s at 50 C mm2/s at 20 Cmm2/s at 37,8 C mm2/s at 50 C mm2/s at 20 Cmm2/s at 37,8 C mm2/s at 50 C ISO VG 21,98 to 2,42(2,82 to 3,67)(2,05 to 2,52)(1,69 to 2,03)(2,87 to 3,69)(2,05 to 2,52)(1,69 to 2,03)(2.92 to 3,71)(2,06 to 2,52)(1,69 to 2,03) ISO VG 32,88 to 3,52(4,60 to 5,99)
48、(3,02 to 3,71)(2,37 to 2,83)(4,59 to 5,92)(3,02 to 3,70)(2,38 to 2,84)(4,58 to 5,83)(3,01 to 3,69)(2,39 to 2,86) ISO VG 54,14 to 5,06(7,39 to 9,60)(4,38 to 5,38)(3,27 to 3,91)(7,25 to 9,35)(4,37 to 5,37)(3,29 to 3,95)(7,09 to 9,03)(4,36 to 5,35)(3,32 to 3,99) ISO VG 76,12 to 7,48(12,3 to 16,0)(6,55
49、to 8,05)(4,63 to 5,52)(11,9 to 15,3)(6,52 to 8,01)(4,68 to 5,61)(11,4 to 14,4)(6,50 to 7,98)(4,76 to 5,72) ISO VG 109,00 to 11,020,2 to 25,99,73 to 12,06,53 to 7,8319,1 to 24,39,68 to 11,96,65 to 7,9918,1 to 23,19,64 to 11,86,78 to 8,14 ISO VG 1513,5 to 16,533,5 to 43,014,7 to 18,19,43 to 11,331,6 to 40,614,7 to 18,09,62 to 11,529,8 to 38,314,6 to 17,99,80 to 11,8 ISO VG 2219,8 to 24,254,2 to 69,821,8 to 26,813,3 to 16,051,0 to 65,821,7 to 26,613,6 to 16,348,0 to 61,721,6 to 26,513,9 to 16,6 ISO VG 3228,8 to 35,287,7 to 11532,0 to 39,418,6 to 22,