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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 4261:1985 Glossary of Terms relating to timber preservation UDC 001.4:630*84:674.04 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Wood
2、Preservation Standards Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 28 February 1985 BSI 09-1999 First published January 1968 First revision February 1985 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference WPC/13 Draft f
3、or comment 81/50004 DC ISBN 0 580 14248 5 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Wood Preservation Standards Committee (WPC/-) to Technical Committee WPC/13 upon which the following bodies were represented: British Telecommunica
4、tions British Wood Preserving Association Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory) Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.Date of issueComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy
5、, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 BSI 09-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Section 1. General1 Section 2. Attack by fungi5 Section 3. Attack by insects and marine borers8 Section 4. Preservative treatments11 Index18 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05
6、:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 ii BSI 09-1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Wood Preservation Standards Committee. It includes over 40 more terms than those defined in BS 4261:1968, which is withdrawn. This British Standar
7、d provides definitions of terms which are in frequent use in the technology and practice of timber preservation, with particular reference to the UK. It may be regarded as an extension of BS 6100 “Glossary of building and civil engineering terms” Section 4.1 “Characteristics and properties of timber
8、 and wood based panel products” and duplication has been avoided as far as possible by including only such terms relating to the characteristics of wood and timber, as necessarily fall within the scope of the present standard. Reference should therefore be made to BS 6100-4.1 for other terms. Where
9、duplication is unavoidable, care has been taken to ensure that definitions in this standard are the same as, or consistent with, those in BS 6100-4.1. Terms are listed alphabetically in the index and are referred to by numbers which are found against the term in the body of the glossary. There they
10、are arranged in alphabetical order within each section, each term having an individual number consisting of three digits. The first digit represents the number of the section and the second and third digits represent the place within the section. Synonyms and alternative terms are given below the pr
11、eferred term with their status indicated, if appropriate, e.g. “deprecated”, “non-preferred”. These terms are not individually numbered, but are included in the index with a reference to the number of the preferred term. Latin terms are printed in italics and are included in the index with a referen
12、ce to the term itself, or to the term whose definition contains the latin words. Other italicized words indicate terms that are defined elsewhere in the glossary. Definitions of wood-destroying organisms are given against their latin names and not against their common names. However, the common name
13、s are included in the index with a reference to the appropriate latin term. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confe
14、r immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 19 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment tabl
15、e on the inside front cover. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 BSI 09-19991 Section 1. General No.TermDefinition 101annual ringGrowth ring corresponding to an annual period of growth. 102air-dried timberTimber that
16、 has been subjected to air-drying. NOTESee drying (422). 103air-dry timberTimber that has a moisture content which is in approximate equilibrium with surrounding atmospheric conditions. NOTEIn the UK the moisture content of air-dry timber may range between 17 % and 23 % according to the season of th
17、e year and the species of timber concerned. 104biodeteriorationUndesirable break-down or spoilage caused by biological agencies. 105bound moistureMoisture that is intimately associated with the cell wall by molecular sorption. 106bright timberTimber that is free from discolorations. 107brittleheartW
18、ood that is abnormally brittle caused by compression failure in the fibres arising during growth, usually associated with certain tropical light hardwoods and mostly located in the centre portion of the tree. 108casehardeningCondition existing in timber in which the outer layers have undergone some
19、drying and become set without corresponding shrinkage, causing stress between the inner and outer layers. NOTESee surface hardening (475). 109checkSeparation of the fibres along the grain forming a crack or fissure that does not extend through the timber or veneer from one surface to the other. 110c
20、lose-pilingProcess of stacking timber without air spaces between the edges and the faces of the pieces. 111conversionProcess of sawing logs into timber. 112dressed timber surfaced timber Timber made smooth on one or more surfaces. 113early wood spring wood deprecated Less dense wood formed during th
21、e earlier stages of the growth of each growth ring. 114fibre-saturation pointHypothetical moisture content at which all free moisture has been removed but at which the cell walls are still saturated. NOTEThis point cannot be precisely determined, but for practical purposes it can be taken as about 3
22、0 % moisture content. 115free moisture free water deprecated Moisture that is contained in the cell cavities and intercellular spaces and is held by capillary forces only. 116fungiSaprophytic and parasitic plants characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by their mode of nutrition (breakdown o
23、f organic matter). 117green timberTimber freshly felled or still containing free moisture. 118growth ringLayer of wood produced in one growing season. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 2 BSI 09-1999 No.TermDefiniti
24、on 119hardwoodTimber, whether hard or not, of broadleaved trees belonging to the botanical group Angiosperms. NOTE 1Hardwoods have vessels which differentiate them from conifers or other softwood trees and their timber; the physical hardness or softness in either case is not a factor. The term hardw
25、ood should not be construed as indicating high natural durability. NOTE 2In countries where coniferous species are of little commercial significance the terms hardwoods and softwoods are commonly used in their literal significance. 120heartwoodInner zone of wood that, in a growing tree, has ceased t
26、o contain living cells and reserve materials, e.g. starch, not to be confused with “heart”. NOTE 1In commercial practice it is usual to restrict the term heartwood to the darker-coloured wood that is visually distinct from the sapwood. NOTE 2The term is sometimes abbreviated to “heart”. This abbrevi
27、ation is deprecated as the term “heart” is used in a special sense to denote the portion of a log that includes the pith and the associated defective wood. 121infectionInvasion of timber by fungi or other micro-organisms. 122infestationEstablishment of insect or other animal organisms in timber. 123
28、insectClass of Arthropoda having the body divided in the adult stage into three distinct parts; head, thorax and abdomen, and bearing three pairs of legs on the thorax and a pair of antennae on the head. Most adult insects have wings. 124juvenile woodA few growth rings of woody tissue nearest the ce
29、ntre of the tree often having abnormal properties. 125late wood summer wood deprecated Denser wood formed during the later stages of growth of each growth ring. 126moisture contentAmount of water, bound or free, that is present in timber usually expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry mass. 127moi
30、sture distributionVarying concentration of moisture throughout a piece of wood, from face to face, but sometimes from end to end or from edge to edge. 128moisture gradientGradation in moisture content within timber, due to evaporation or absorption of moisture. NOTEDuring drying, the gradations are
31、between the moisture content of the relatively dry surface layers and the wetter layers at the centre of the piece. 129movementSwelling and shrinking of dried timber, consequent on changes of moisture content caused by changes in the surrounding atmospheric conditions. 130oven-dryTimber that has bee
32、n dried in a ventilated oven at 103 2 C until there is no further fall in moisture content. 131over-absorbentTimber that has been kept wet for a long period, e.g. by storage in water, before drying, resulting in increased permeability giving enhanced absorption of preservative solution when treated.
33、 132parasiteLiving organism that obtains its nourishment from other living organisms or living tissues, to the detriment of the latter. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 BSI 09-19993 No.TermDefinition 133ponding wa
34、ter stored Practice of storing logs in water. NOTESee also over-absorbent (131). 134reaction woodModified woody tissue occurring on the upper side of hardwood trees (tension wood), or the lower side of softwood trees (compression wood) typically present in branches and in leaning trunks of trees. NO
35、TEIt has abnormally high longitudinal shrinkage on drying. 135relative humidityRatio, expressed as a percentage, of the actual mass of water vapour contained in a unit volume of air, to the mass of water vapour that would saturate that volume at the same temperature and pressure. 136rot decay non-pr
36、eferred Decomposition of wood by fungi or other micro-organisms resulting in softening, progressive loss of strength and mass, and often a change of texture and colour. NOTEThe following terms designating different types of rot are defined in section 2: brown rot; butt rock; cubical rot; dote; dry r
37、ot; heart rot; pocket rot; sap rot; soft rot; wet rot; white rot. 137saprophyteLiving organism that obtains its nourishment from dead-organic material. 138sapwood sap deprecated Outer zone of wood that, in the growing tree, contains living cells and reserve materials, e.g. starch; generally lighter
38、in colour than heartwood though not always clearly differentiated. 139shipping dryTimber sufficiently dried to prevent deterioration in transit. 140softwoodWood of trees belonging to the botanical group Gymnosperms. NOTECommercial timbers of this group are practically confined to the class Coniferae
39、 (conifers). See also hardwood (120). 141soundFree from rot, infection or infestation. 142splitSurface split in a piece of timber usually caused by shrinkage on drying. 143stain discoloration non-preferred Any variation from the natural colour of wood, which may be the result of weathering, of conta
40、ct with chemicals or metals, or of infection by fungi or moulds, or of other causes. 144surface-dryApplied to sawn timber, the surfaces of which are more or less air-dry. 145timberWood in form of standing or felled trees or the product of these after conversion. 146unseasonedGreen or freshly felled
41、timber that still contains free moisture in its cell cavities. 147waneOriginal rounded surface of a tree remaining, with or without bark, on any face or edge of square-sawn timber. 148warp(ing)Distortion of a piece of timber in the process of conversion, drying or storage. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun
42、 sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 4 BSI 09-1999 No.TermDefinition 149woodThe principal strengthening and water-conducting tissue of stems and roots. NOTEWood is the lignocellulosic substance of which trees and shrubs are largely composed; w
43、oody tissues can also occur in herbaceous plants. See timber (145). 150wood preservationTechnology of preserving wood from deterioration and destruction by living organisms, by the application of wood preservatives. NOTEThe term usually refers to the treatment of wood with chemical substances which
44、reduces its susceptibility to deterioration by fungi, insects, marine borers. Preservative treatments may be divided into the following general categories: a) protective treatment of a temporary nature given to unseasoned timber against attack by insects, sapstaining fungi or both. b) pre-treatment
45、of timber before it is put into use. c) preservative treatment of timber in use but before remedial treatment is necessary. d) the remedial and curative treatment of timber in-situ which has been attacked by fungi, insects or other destructive organisms. 151wood preservativeA chemical or mixture of
46、chemicals in a form suitable for application to timber for the purpose of usefully prolonging the life of the timber (when it is in conditions that would otherwise be conducive to biodeterioration) by rendering it resistant to attack by wood destroying organisms. NOTEThe three main types of wood pre
47、servative are tar-oil (TO), water-borne (WB), and organic-solvent (OS) (see section 4). Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Thu Nov 30 05:57:27 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 4261:1985 BSI 09-19995 Section 2. Attack by fungi No.TermDefinition 201Ascomycetes Ascomycotina One of
48、 the two main classes of the “higher fungi”. They are characterized by the spores being formed endogenously within a spore mother cell, of microscopic size and cylindrical or ellipsoidal shape, called the ascus, from which they are liberated by the bursting of the ascus wall. NOTEThey are important
49、as the cause of sapstain and soft rot. 202Basidiomycetes Basidiomycotina One of the two main classes of “higher fungi” causing rotting of wood. The spores are borne on microscopic club-shaped structures known as basidia. NOTEThey include the well known wood-rotting fungi such as Serpula lacrymans, Coniophora puteana and Poria. 203blue stainSapstain in which the discoloration is bluish. 204blue stain in serviceSurface staining of timber in use by fungi causing blue stain and often disruption of surface finishes. 205brown rotType of rot caused by fungi that attack chiefly cell