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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7370-3: 1991 Grounds maintenance Part 3: Recommendations for maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf) Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:199
2、1 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 29 March 1991 BSI 03-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:
3、 Committee reference EPC/2 Draft for comment 89/50026 DC ISBN 0 580 19009 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (EPC/-) to Technical Committee EPC/2, upon which the followi
4、ng bodies were represented: Anglian Water plc Association of County Councils Association of Playing Fields and Landscape Managers British Association of Landscape Industries British Waterways Board Commonwealth War Graves Commission Countryside Commission for Scotland Department of the Environment (
5、Property Services Agency) Department of Transport Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales Inner London Education Authority Institute of Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institution of Water and Environmental Management National Farmers Union Sports Turf Research In
6、stitute Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 BSI 03-1999i Contents Page Committ
7、ees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Section 1. General 0Introduction1 1Scope1 2Definitions1 3General8 Section 2. Turf categories and maintenance objectives 4The distinction between categories and maintenance objectives10 5Categories of turf10 6Maintenance objectives for turf categories19 Se
8、ction 3. Turf culture equipment and materials 7Grass-cutting equipment22 8Turf culture equipment and machinery other than grass-cutting equipment24 9Turf culture materials31 Section 4. Recommended maintenance programmes for each turf category 10Description of coding system used for maintenance progr
9、ammes40 11Maintenance programmes40 12Repair and renewal of turf areas59 13Maintenance of drainage systems60 14Grass reinforcement62 Appendix A Test methods64 Appendix B Bibliography73 Figure 1 Average length of the growing season for grasses (in days) in different parts of the UK37 Figure 2 Drag bru
10、sh25 Figure 3 Lute26 Figure 4 Drag mat27 Figure 5 Harrow27 Figure 6 Power scarifier28 Figure 7 Cambridge ring roller28 Figure 8 Spiked roller29 Figure 9 Distributor (belt type)29 Figure 10 Tines30 Figure 11 Aerator31 Figure 12 Pressure sprayer31 Figure 13 Controlled droplet applicator32 Figure 14 Tu
11、rfing iron33 Figure 15 Pop-up unit33 Figure 16 General patterns for sampling turf65 Figure 17 Disc (rising plate) apparatus65 Figure 18 Straightedge apparatus for assessment of evenness67 Figure 19 Contour gauge67 Figure 20 Apparatus for assessment of gradient67 Figure 21 Frame for estimating ground
12、 cover, etc.69 Figure 22 Hollow corer69 Figure 23 Removed core71 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 ii BSI 03-1999 Page Figure 24 Double ring cylinder infiltrometer72 Figure 25 Examp
13、les of soil sampling tools72 Table 1 Categories of amenity and functional turf other than sports turf11 Table 2 Categories of turf appropriate to particular functions or appearance12 Table 3 Methods of mowing appropriate for the various categories of amenity and functional turf12 Table 4 Likely numb
14、er of cuts according to locality, length of growing season and approximate mowing frequency16 Table 5 Grass seed mixtures for amenity use18 Table 6 Recommended maintenance objectives20 Table 7 Chemicals for the control of insects and earthworms in turf36 Table 8 Chemicals for the control of fungal d
15、iseases in turf37 Table 9 Chemicals for the control of broad-leaved weeds in turf39 Table 10 Master checklist of maintenance programmes for each turf category40 Publications referred toInside back cover Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GM
16、T+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 BSI 03-1999iii Foreword This Part of BS 7370 has been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee. BS 7370 has been prepared in order to provide those responsible for the upkeep of land that has a re
17、creational or amenity use, or a functional purpose that is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or forestry, with a series of recommendations for the various aspects of such maintenance. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions
18、is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. This Part of BS 7370 gives assistance in determining categories of amenity and functional turf maintenance objectives for each turf category together with the provision of a means of assessing th
19、at the objectives of maintenance are being achieved. It also describes suitable maintenance programmes. BS 7370 at present comprises the following parts: Part 1: Recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance; Part
20、 2: Maintenance of hard areas1); Part 3: Maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf); Part 4: Maintenance of soft landscape (other than amenity turf)1); Part 5: Maintenance of water areas1). Further Parts may be prepared, as necessary. NOTEThe numbers given in square brackets
21、 used throughout the text relate to the bibliographic references given in Appendix B. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of it
22、self confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 74, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be
23、indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1) In preparation. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv blank Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University,
24、 Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 BSI 03-19991 Section 1. General 0 Introduction The recommendations given in this Part of BS 7370 are intended: a) to assist users in determining categories of amenity and functional turf when compiling maintenance program
25、mes; b) wherever possible, to set maintenance objectives for each turf category and to provide a means of assessing, with some form of measurement, that such standards of maintenance are being achieved; c) to describe suitable maintenance programmes for each turf category. It is recognized that, in
26、some circumstances, users may have to adjust the maintenance objectives to meet local conditions but it is recommended that the maintenance objectives described should be followed wherever possible. 1 Scope This Part of BS 7370 gives recommendations for categories of amenity and functional turf for
27、different applications based on the minimum height of cut and the maximum recommended length to which the vegetation can grow before it becomes unsuitable for the intended purpose. For each category of turf, recommended maintenance objectives are described based on suitability of the turf for the in
28、tended purpose and these include a series of suggested measurable parameters. Maintenance programmes for achieving these maintenance objectives are suggested, and information is given on types of machinery, materials and equipment, and their applicability. The recommendations given in this Part of B
29、S 7370 are intended to apply to the maintenance of amenity and functional turf. They do not apply to sports turf. Recommendations for the production of turf for sale are given in BS 3969. Factors such as geographical and climatic conditions, which have an influence on management, are described in so
30、me detail, as are the patterns of growth throughout the UK. Management practices have to be varied according to the soil and the grass species used for a specific purpose. The document therefore includes suggestions on the most suitable grass species for different applications. NOTEThe titles of the
31、 publications referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Part of BS 7370 the following definitions apply. 2.1 aeration the operation of making a series of holes through a grass sward into the soil beneath, with round, flat or hollow tines
32、, to improve the passage of air, moisture or nutrients 2.2 amenity grassland all grass with recreational, functional or aesthetic value, and of which agricultural productivity is not the primary aim 2.3 arisings grass clippings, cuttings, cores or other material removed from the sward by maintenance
33、 operations 2.4 banding the action of mowing grass so that adjacent passes are in the same direction, giving a resulting visual effect of stripes wider than a single cutting width. (See also 2.73) 2.5 bent(s) 1) Reproductive stems of grasses standing out above a mown sward, particularly evident when
34、 temporarily flattened and therefore left uncut by cylinder mowers with front rollers. 2) Grasses of the genus Agrostis. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 2 BSI 03-1999 NOTEThis ter
35、m is deprecated unless used in compound term, e.g. browntop bent. 2.6 bottoming out on airfields, a very close cut, followed by harrowing or scarifying, to remove as much vegetation and debris as possible before the main mowing season 2.7 boxing off the removal of grass clippings in the mower box 2.
36、8 brushing the use of an implement on which brushes are mounted, for the improvement of the surface condition of grass areas 2.9 carrying capacity the number of people that can use a facility in a specified time without causing excessive wear 2.10 clippings the parts of leaves, stems, etc., removed
37、from turf by cutting, mowing or trimming, usually relatively small or fine 2.11 comb a special rake fitted to a cylinder mower between the front roller and cutting cylinder, to counteract the effect of the front roller 2.12 corer a tool used for coring (see 2.13) 2.13 coring the removal of a core of
38、 turf and soil as part of soil sampling procedure (see also Figure 25) NOTESee also 2.38. 2.14 cultivar an assemblage of cultivated plants, subordinate in classification to species, that is clearly distinguished by any characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical or others), and t
39、hat, when reproduced (sexually or asexually), retains its distinguishing characters 2.15 cultivation 1) (of a seed bed). Operations to till or prepare the growing medium for sowing. 2) The practice of working the soil without destruction of the turf, e.g. hollow-tining and slitting. 2.16 cultural co
40、ntrol management systems designed to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical control of pests, i.e. weeds, diseases, etc. 2.17 cuttings the parts of leaves, stems, etc., removed from turf by cutting, mowing or trimming: on fine turf, this is synonymous with clippings, but on coarse turf possibly m
41、ore bulky and conspicuous Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 BSI 03-19993 2.18 cylinder mower a mower with multiple helical blades that rotate along a horizontal axis, and that shear
42、 the grass off against a close-fitting bottom blade 2.19 edge re-forming the shaping or re-shaping of the edge of a lawn with a half-moon, edging tool or machinery 2.20 edge repairing the returfing of a lawn edge 2.21 edge trimming the cutting of the grass which has overgrown the edge of a lawn, by
43、hand or mechanical means NOTEThis is also known as edging. 2.22 filament line trimmer a small trimmer, usually mounted on a handle, that cuts by means of a high-speed rotating plastics filament instead of a rigidly-mounted blade 2.23 firming the light consolidation of soil, by treading or rolling, e
44、specially to restore surfaces disturbed by frost heave 2.24 flail mower a mower that cuts grass by the impact of blades mounted on a horizontal shaft. The blades rotate in vertical cutting planes, i.e. at right angles to the turf surface 2.25 fly (of cuttings) the action of returning cuttings to the
45、 sward, as opposed to removing them (as in “let cuttings fly”) 2.26 frost heave the disruption of soil and turf surfaces by the action of frost, causing loosening or puffiness of the top 10 mm to 20 mm layer 2.27 gradient a slope, expressed as a ratio or as a percentage NOTEA fall of 20 mm over a ho
46、rizontal distance of 2 m would represent a 1 % fall, or 1 in 100; a fall of 2 m over the same distance would represent a 100 % fall, or 1 in 1, or 45. 2.28 ground cover in test method descriptions, the proportion of ground occupied by the perpendicular projection of the material above it (see also A
47、ppendix A) 2.29 growing medium the material or combination of materials supporting the vegetation NOTEExamples of a growing medium are soil and sand. 2.30 growing season the part of the year in which plant growth takes place Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University,
48、Fri Dec 08 13:21:11 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7370-3:1991 4 BSI 03-1999 NOTEFor grass, an acceptable measure can be deduced from the length of time that the soil temperature at a depth of 300 mm remains above 6 C. 2.31 growth rate for grass, the height increment measured in milli
49、metres, per unit of time 2.32 growth retardant for grass, a chemical which temporarily restricts growth 2.33 half-moon a turf-cutting implement, comprising a semi-circular knife at the base of a handle, positioned so as to cut in the vertical plane with assistance from foot pressure on the straight upper side of the blade 2.34 halving a method of banding (see 2.4) whereby only two bands are created 2.35 hard litter any material, organic or inorganic, present on the surface of the ground, that i