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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7533-8:2003 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone, or concrete pavers Part 8: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements of precast concrete flags and natural stone flags ICS 93.080.20 ? Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank
2、University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 19 March 2003 BSI 19 March 2003 The following BSI references relate to the work on this British Standard
3、: Committee reference B/507 Draft for comment 01/102974 DC ISBN 0 580 41295 4 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee B/507, Paving units and kerbs, upon which the following bodies were represented: Brick Developm
4、ent Association British Cement Association British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. Concrete Society County Surveyors Society Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (Highways Agency) Institution of Civil Engineers Interlay (Association of Block Paving)
5、 Interpave (Concrete Block Paving Association) Landscape Institute Society of Chemical Industry Stone Federation Transport Research Laboratory The following organizations were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees B/507/1 and B/507/2: British Slate Association Briti
6、sh Civil Engineering Manufacturers Association Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (Building Research Establishment) Ministry of Defence Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08
7、 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 BSI 19 March 2003 i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii 1Scope1 2Normative references1 3Terms and definitions1 4Materials2 5General design2 6Design2 Annex A (informative) Design example7 Annex B (normat
8、ive) Overlay pavements10 Figure 1 Graph: base design for paving flag overstressing4 Figure 2 Graph: base design for subgrade overstressing (400 mm?400 mm and 450 mm?450 mm paving units)5 Figure 3 Graph: base design for subgrade overstressing (300 mm?300 mm paving units)6 Figure A.1 Graph: base desig
9、n for paving flag overstressing Design example8 Figure A.2 Graph: base design for subgrade overstressing (400 mm?400 mm and 450 mm?450 mm paving units) Design example9 Table 1 Estimated equilibrium CBR values for design2 Table 2 Number of commercial vehicles3 Table 3 Standard axle conversion3 Table
10、B.1 Condition Factor CF110 Table B.2 Condition Factor CF210 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 ii BSI 19 March 2003 Foreword This part of BS 7533 has been prepared by Technical Commi
11、ttee B/507. BS 7533 will be published in the following parts. Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks. Part 2: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast co
12、ncrete paving blocks. Part 3: Code of practice for laying precast concrete paving blocks and clay pavers for flexible pavements. Part 4: Code of practice for the construction of pavements of precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs. Part 51): Guide for the design of pavements (other than struct
13、ural aspects). Part 6: Code of practice for laying natural stone, precast concrete and clay kerb units. Part 71): Code of practice for the construction of pavements of natural stone setts. Part 8: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements of precast concrete flags and natural s
14、tone slabs. Part 91): Code of practice for laying clay pavers. NOTEThis part of BS 7533 is based largely on research work commissioned by Interpave, the precast concrete paving and kerb association. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are re
15、sponsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. 1)In preparation. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.
16、The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 BSI 19 March 2003 1 1 Scope This British Standard
17、gives guidance on the design of flexible pavements surfaced with precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs and laid on a 30 mm sand laying course with sand filled narrow joints, in accordance with BS 7533-4. It applies to pavements subject to occasional overrun by no more than 15 commercial vehi
18、cles per day at speeds not exceeding 50 kph (30 mph). The fundamental objective is the assessment of the thickness of base material to be used beneath precast concrete flags and natural stone slabs to ensure that the allowable stresses in the paving units and the subgrade are not exceeded. 2 Normati
19、ve references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. BS 6100-2.4.1:1992, Glossary of bui
20、lding and civil engineering terms Part 2: Civil engineering Section 4.1: Highway, railway and airport engineering Highway engineering. BS 7263-1:2001, Precast concrete flags, kerbs, channels, edgings and quadrants Part 1: Precast, unreinforced concrete paving flags and complementary fittings Require
21、ments and test methods. BS 7533-1, Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks. BS 7533-4:1998, Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concret
22、e pavers Code of practice for the construction of pavements of precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs. BS EN 1341:2000, Slabs of natural stone for external paving Requirements and test methods. Department of Transport, Specification for Highway Works, 1986 edition. Department for Transport, L
23、ocal Government and the Regions, London: The Stationery Office. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of BS 7533 the terms and definitions given in BS 6100-2.4.1:1992 and the following apply. 3.1 paving unit precast concrete flag of designation E, F or G, conforming to BS 7263-1:2001
24、 (excluding 50 mm thick), with a class B2 bending stress; or a natural stone flag of square plan, not exceeding 450 mm?450 mm, conforming to BS EN 1341:2000 with a class 5 breaking load 3.2 laying course layer of material on which paving units are bedded 3.3 subgrade upper part of the soil, natural
25、or constructed, that supports the loads transmitted by the overlying pavement 3.4 pavement any paved area subject to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic 3.5 base material layer of material, either Type 1 or Type 2 granular material or cement bound material, as specified in the Specification for High
26、way Works (see Clause 2), placed immediately above the subgrade Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 2 BSI 19 March 2003 3.6 cement bound material (CBM) granular material to which ceme
27、nt has been added 3.7 standard axle axle carrying a load of 8 200 kg 3.8 cumulative traffic number of standard axles a pavement is designed to carry over its lifetime 3.9 commercial vehicle vehicle having an unladen weight exceeding 1.5 t 4 Materials Precast concrete flags should conform to BS 7263-
28、1. Natural stone slabs should conform to BS EN 1341. NOTEMarble slabs are unsuitable for external trafficked pavements in the U.K. 5 General design The design of the pavement should be based on the following assumptions regarding the construction. a) The construction generally conforms to BS 7533-4.
29、 b) The minimum thickness of any base material is 100 mm. c) The laying course sand conforms to BS 7533-4:1998, 6.9.1. d) The joints are filled with sand conforming to BS 7533-4:1998, 6.9.1. Sedimentary stones should be laid on their bedding plane, where this is apparent. 6 Design NOTESee Annex A fo
30、r an example of design. 6.1 Subgrade assessment If laboratory CBR values are not available then Table 1 may be used as a guide to the equilibrium CBR values. Table 1 Estimated equilibrium CBR values for design Type of soilPlasticity indexEstimated CBR % Heavy clay702 602 502 403 Silty clay304 Sandy
31、clay205 105 Sand poorly graded20 Sand well graded40 Sandy gravel60 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 BSI 19 March 2003 3 6.2 Evaluation of traffic Firstly the total number of commer
32、cial vehicles using an area during the design life of the pavement should be obtained. In the absence of more reliable information, an estimate may be made based on Table 2. Table 2 Number of commercial vehicles For pavements subject to normal vehicle loads, it may be assumed that each commercial ve
33、hicle per day is equivalent to one standard axle per day. Otherwise, where the actual traffic mix is known, Table 3 should be used to determine the standard axles per day. Table 3 Standard axle conversion 6.3 Determination of construction thickness NOTEFor overlay pavements see Annex B. The followin
34、g information should be obtained for design. a) The type and number of commercial vehicles per day. b) The required design life NOTE20 years is commonly used. c) The type of base. d) The paving unit size and thickness. 6.4 Design procedure 6.4.1 General It is essential that the required thickness of
35、 the base is determined by the use of the graphs in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, to prevent overstressing of the paving unit or the subgrade. The thicker of the two values should be adopted. 6.4.2 Paving unit stress limiting method To determine the base thickness required to prevent overstressin
36、g of the paving unit, the cumulative standard axles determined in 6.2 should be plotted on the “number of standard axles” axis on Figure 1. A vertical line should then be projected upwards to intersect the selected base material curve and a horizontal line projected from this intersection to cut the
37、 “base thickness axis”. 6.4.3 Subgrade stress limiting method To determine the base thickness required to prevent overstressing of the subgrade, the cumulative standard axles determined in 6.2 should be plotted on the “number of standard axles” axis on Figure 2 or Figure 3 as appropriate. A vertical
38、 line should then be projected upwards to intersect the base CBR curve and a horizontal line projected from this intersection to cut the “base type axis”, and then vertically downward to indicate the required base thickness. 6.4.4 Base thickness The thicker of the two base thicknesses evaluated in 6
39、.4.2 and 6.4.3 should be adopted for the design. LocationCommercial vehicles per day Residential areas1 Small shopping areas5 Large shopping areas10 Precincts and pedestrianized areas15 Vehicle typeNumber of standard axles per commercial vehicle 2 axle rigid0.34 3 axle rigid1.70 4 axle2.60 Licensed
40、Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 4 BSI 19 March 2003 Figure 1 Graph: base design for paving flag overstressing Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri
41、 Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 BSI 19 March 2003 5 Figure 2 Graph: base design for subgrade overstressing (400 mm? ?400 mm and 450 mm? ?450 mm paving units) Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+
42、00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 6 BSI 19 March 2003 Figure 3 Graph: base design for subgrade overstressing (300 mm? ?300 mm paving units) Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS
43、 7533-8:2003 BSI 19 March 2003 7 Annex A (informative) Design example A pavement in a shopping centre is to be constructed using 400 mm?400 mm?65 mm paving units. It is estimated that five days per week there will be 10 commercial vehicles per day servicing the shops. It is anticipated that this dai
44、ly traffic will comprise six number 2-axle rigid, three number 3-axle rigid, and one number 4-axle, vehicles. Servicing will take place 50 weeks a year over a 20 year design life. A site investigation indicates the CBR of the subgrade is 3 % and the base material to be used is Type 1. a) The convers
45、ion factors in Table 3 can be used to determine the number of standard axles: b) The total number of standard axles in the 20 year design life: c) From the graph of Figure A.1: Base thickness = 165 mm Type 1 d) From the graph of Figure A.2: Base thickness = 240 mm Type 1 e) The greater thickness fro
46、m steps c) and d) is adopted for design purposes, i.e.: Required thickness of Type 1 = 240 mm 6 number 2-axle rigid at 0.34= 2.04 3 number 3-axle rigid at 1.70= 5.10 1 number 4-axle vehicle at 2.60= 2.60 = 9.74 = 5?50?20?9.74= 48 700 Say 50 000 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London Sou
47、th Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 8 BSI 19 March 2003 Figure A.1 Graph: base design for paving flag overstressing Design example Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 20
48、06, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 BSI 19 March 2003 9 Figure A.2 Graph: base design for subgrade overstressing (400 mm? ?400 mm and 450 mm? ?450 mm paving units) Design example Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Dec 08 14:54:24 GMT+00:00 2006,
49、Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 7533-8:2003 10 BSI 19 March 2003 Annex B (normative) Overlay pavements In pedestrian schemes, paving units are often used as an overlay to existing bituminous pavements. If vehicles are to use the area, then it is first necessary to estimate the residual life of the existing pavement to determine the overlay depth needed to give the required design life. Th